Community Mental Health Services and Personality Disorders, Exams of Psychology

Download Community Mental Health Services and Personality Disorders and more Exams Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! SWG 606 Mental Disorders Final Exam Guide Qns & Ans 2024 Schizophrenia and Psychotic Disorders - Describe the positive symptoms of schizophrenia: delusions, disordered thinking, heightened perceptions and hallucinations, and inappropriate affect. - Positive symptoms (excesses): - Delusions: beliefs that are not rooted in reality - Hallucinations: the experiencing of imagined sights, sounds, or other perceptions in the absence of external stimuli. (most common: auditory and visual hallucinations) - Auditory - hearing sounds and voices - Visual - vague perceptions of colors, clouds, visions of people or objects - Tactile (outside) - tingling, burning, or electric-shock sensations - Somatic (inside) - feeling something is happening inside the body - Olfactory - smell odors - Disorganizations Thinking and Speech: a disturbance in the production and organization of thought - Inappropriate Affect: display of emotions that are unsuited to the situation - may smile upon being told terrible news - upset in situations they should be happy - Disorganized or Catatonic Behavior - Hallucinations and delusions often occur together - Compare and describe delusions of persecution, reference, grandeur, and control. - Persecutory - belief one is being plotted or discriminated against (most common) - Grandiose - belief that they are inventors, saviors, empowered - Ideas of Reference - attach special and personal meaning to the actions of others or to various objects or events - Control - belief being controlled by other people - Compare and describe different types of thought and behavior disorganization (e.g., loose associations/derailment, word salad, neologisms, perseveration, clang associations, catatonia and waxy flexibility) - Loose Associations (AKA derailment) - rapid shift from one topic to another (most common) - Word Salad - mixture of words or phrases (not making sense) - Neologisms - made-up words - Preservation - the repetition of a particular response (such as a word, phrase, or gesture) - Clang - groups of words chosen because of the catchy way they sound not because of what they mean. clanging word groups do not make sense together - Catatonia - involves waxy flexibility, unpredictable or untriggered agitation - Discuss the negative symptoms of schizophrenia—that is, alogia (AKA poverty of speech), restricted or flat affect, avolition (loss of volition), anhedonia, and social withdrawal. - Negative Symptoms (deficits): - Affective Flattening/Restriction (or Blunted Affect): severe reduction or complete absence of affective (emotional) responses to the environment. - Alogia - severe reduction or complete absence of speech (AKA poverty of speech) - Restricted Affect - inability to express emotions - Blunted Affect - display of less anger, sadness, joy, etc. - Flat Affect - display of no emotions at all - Avolition - inability to persist at common, goal-oriented tasks at work, school, or home - Anhedonia - loss of ability to experience pleasure - Social Withdrawal - withdraw from social environment and attending to one’s own ideas and fantasies - Describe the psychomotor symptoms of schizophrenia. - Psychomotor Symptoms: relatively slow movement and awkward movements or repeated grimaces - Catatonia: A pattern of extreme psychomotor symptoms, may include catatonic stupor, rigidity, or posturing - Catatonic Rigidity - rigid, upright posture and resist efforts to move - Catatonic Posturing - awkward, bizarre positions for long periods of time - Catatonic Excitement - excitedly movements - Describe the effectiveness of traditional antipsychotic drugs (AKA neuroleptics or phenothiazines) - Traditional antipsychotic medications: Haidol, Thorazine: treat positive symptoms, not negative symptoms - Side effects - sedation, constipation, extrapersonal symptoms; tardive dyskinesia, akinesia (slowed down movements), akathisia (agitation), neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS - life-threatening idiosyncratic reaction by fever, altered mental status, muscle rigidity, and autonomic dysfunction) - Tardive Dyskinesia - involuntary, jutting of tongue, facial grimacing, lip smacking, severe shaking, twisting of the body - Discuss the newer antipsychotic drugs (AKA atypical antipsychotic medications). - Atypical antipsychotic medications: clozapine, risperidone, seroquel, zyprexa; helps both positive and negative symptoms - Side effects - generally less serious, still can be problematic (e.g., weight, gain, drowsiness, dizziness, nausea, joint pain, sexual dysfunction, concentration problems, etc.) - Explain the effects of psychotherapy on schizophrenia and other severe mental disorders, including cognitive-behavioral, social, family therapies and Assertive Community Treatment programs. - Cognitive Treatment: recognize and challenge delusions and hallucinations; view them as symptoms (not reality) - Behavioral Treatment: operant conditioning, modeling, token economies - Social Interventions: increase effective social support, support groups, learn problem-solving skills, etc. - Family Therapy: provide psych-education plus help families learn to be more supportive with lower expressive emotions - Assertive Community Treatment Programs: provide comprehensive monitoring, support and treatment - help decrease hospitalization - Describe effective community care of patients with schizophrenia and discuss the problems with community care and potential solutions. - Community Mental Health Act: stipulated that patients with psychological disorders were to receive a range of mental health services - Features: Coordination of patient services, short-term hospitalization, partial hospitalization, supervised residencies, occupational training - Coordinated Services - Community mental health centers - treatment facility that provides medication, psychotherapy, and emergency care to patients, and coordinates treatment in the community - Short-term Hospitalization - Aftercare - a program of post hospitalization care and treatment in the community - Partial Hospitalization - Day Centers - a program that offers hospital-like treatment during the day only - Supervised Residencies - Halfway Houses - a residence for people with schizophrenia or other severe problems staffed by paraprofessionals - Occupational Training and Support - sheltered workshops - supported employment - Case Managers - A community therapist who offers a full range of services for people with schizophrenia or other severe disorders, including therapy, advice, medication, guidance, and protection of patients’ rights - Problems - 40 to 60% never receive treatment - 2 factors: poor coordination and a shortage of services - Consequences - with shortage of services many with schizophrenia or more severe disorders become homeless - Promise of Community Treatment - even with problems, proper care shows improvement Chapter 13: Personality Disorders - Discuss the issues involved in classifying personality disorders. - Personality: Complex patterns of behaviors, thoughts, and feelings; stable across time and across many situations - Personality Disorder: An enduring, rigid pattern of inner experience and outward behavior that repeatedly impairs a person’s sense of self, emotional experiences, goals, capacity for empathy, and/or capacity for intimacy - Symptoms of PD’s last for years and typically become recognizable in adolescence or early adulthood - Most difficult to treat - Difficult to diagnose because of multiple clusters and comorbidity is common with PD’s - Define and discuss explanations and treatments for the “odd” personality disorders (AKA Cluster A), including paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal. - Cluster A: Odd-Eccentric - Paranoid Personality Disorder - Chronic pervasive mistrust and suspicion of other people that is unwarranted and maladaptive - Psychodynamic View - some people may come to view their environment as hostile as a result of their parents’ persistently unreasonable demand - Object relations therapy: therapists give center stage to relationships - try to see past the patients anger and work on what they view as their deep wish for a satisfying relationship - Cognitive-Behavioral View - people with this disorder hold broad maladaptive assumptions - Cognitive therapists: guide clients to develop more aware of other people point of view - Behavioral therapists: help clients to master anxiety-reduction techniques and improve their skills at solving interpersonal problems - Biological View - genetic causes and environmental experiences - Antipsychotic Drug Therapy - Schizoid Personality Disorder - Chronic lack of interest in and avoidance of interpersonal relationships; emotional coldness toward others (more common in men than women) - Psychodynamic View - Propose that schizoid personality disorder has its roots in an unsatisfied need for human contact - Cognitive-Behavioral View - propose that people with schizoid personality disorder suffer from deficiencies in their thinking - Cognitive therapy: techniques include presenting clients with lists of emotions to think about or having them write down and remember pleasurable experiences - Behavioral therapy: teach social skills, role-playing, exposure techniques, and homework assignments - Other treatments for Schizoid Personality Disorder - Group Therapy - Drug Therapy - Schizotypal Personality Disorder - Chronic pattern of inhibited or inappropriate emotion and social behavior, aberrant cognitions, and disorganized speech (slightly seen more in men). Symptoms may include ideas of reference - beliefs that unrelated events pertain to them in some important way and bodily illusions - such as sensing an external “force” or presence - Biological View - high activity of dopamine, enlarged brain ventricles, smaller temporal lobes, loss of gray matter - Antipsychotic Drugs - Cognitive Behavioral Treatment: therapists teach clients to evaluate their unusual thoughts or perceptions objectively and ot ignore the inappropriate ones - Define and discuss explanations and treatments for the “dramatic” personality disorders (AKA Cluster B) , including antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic. - Cluster B: Dramatic-Erratic (most common) - Antisocial Personality Disorder - Pervasive pattern of criminal, impulsive, callous, or ruthless behavior; disregard for rights of others; no respect for social norms - F.U.M.E.S. (helpful to know) - F - fearless - U - unresponsive to pain - M - muscular - E - empathy - S - stimulation seeking - Psychodynamic View - theorists propose that this begins with absences of parental love, leading to a lack of basic trust. People with this disorder are more likely to have had significant stress in childhood, such as, poverty, abuse, etc. - Cognitive-Behavioral View - theorists argued a combinations of behavioral and cognitive factors contribute to antisocial personality disorder - Cognitive View - people with this disorder often hold attitudes that trivialize the importance of other people’s needs - Behavioral View - antisocial symptoms may be learned through conditioning, particularly modeling or imitations - Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy: therapists try to guide clients to think about moral issues and about the needs of other people - Biological View - genetics (lower activity of serotonin), deficient functioning in their prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, and temporal cortex, low brain and bodily arousal, poor communication (interconnectivity) between structures that may produce low reactions to stress by 2 brain-body stress pathways (SNS and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) pathway) - Psychotropic medications: particularly antipsychotic drugs - Other treatments and issues - Therapeutic community: structured environment that teaches responsibility toward others - Atypical antipsychotics: helps with impulsivity and aggression (but do not change patterns of antisocial behaviors) - Many rarely seek treatment; not good therapy candidates - Borderline Personality Disorder - Rapidly shifting and unstable mood, self-concept, and interpersonal relationships, impulsive (most common) - Psychodynamic View - theorists propose that an early lack of acceptance by parents (abuse, neglect) - Relational Psychoanalytic Therapy: explore clients unconscious conflicts and attention to their central relationship disturbance - Biological View - predispositions, genetics (lower serotonin activity, leads to impulsivity and aggression), abnormal activity in brain structures (amygdala - hyperactive, hippocampus - underactive, prefrontal cortex - underactive, poor interconnectivity), disorganized parent-child attachment (due to neglect, abuse, trauma, etc.) - Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT): comprehensive approach including both individual and group therapy session and features of cognitive-behavioral techniques (mindfulness, distress tolerance, emotion regulation, and interpersonal effectiveness) - Sociocultural View - theorists suggest BPD is likely to emerge in cultures that change rapidly - Biosocial View - disorder results from a combo of internal forces (social skills deficits, abnormal neurotransmitters activity) and external forces (environment in which a child's emotions are punished, ignored, etc.) - Developmental Psychopathology View - mix of biosocial and psychodynamic perspectives. Along with mentalization - the capacity to understand one’s own mental states and those of other people - Other treatments for BPD - antidepressants, antibipolar, antianxiety, and antipsychotic drugs - Histrionic Personality Disorder - Rapidly shifting moods, unstable relationships, and intense need for attention and approval; dramatic, seductive behavior (more common in women) - Psychodynamic View - theorists believe that as children, people had cold and controlling parents who left them feeling unloved and afraid of abandonment - Criminal Commitment - A legal process by which people accused of a crime are instead judged mentally unstable and sent to a mental health facility for treatment - Not guilty by reason of Insanity (NGRI) - A verdict stating that defendants are not guilty of committing a crime because they were insane at the time of the crime - Insanity - In order to be found guilty, a person must have: actus reus (guilty act) + mens rea (guilty mind or intention of guilt) - Discuss criticisms of the insanity defense. - Insanity Defense - Person is so mentally incapacitated that they did not have mens rea when they committed the act - drugs/alcohol intoxication excluded - insanity is a legal term rather than a psychological or medical term - Criticism of the insanity defense - the fundamental difference between the law and the science of human behavior. - the law assumes that individuals have free will and are generally responsible for their actions. - the uncertainty of scientific knowledge about abnormal behavior - the testimony of defense clinicians conflicts with that of clinicians hired by the prosecution - most common criticism is that it allows criminals to escape punishment - Define and discuss criminal commitment and incompetence to stand trial. - When the issue of competence is raised, the judge orders a psychological evaluation. evaluation is retrospective - Mentally Incompetent - A state of mental instability that leaves defendants unable to understand the legal charges and proceeding they are facing and unable to prepare an adequate defense with their attorney - If court decides the defendant is incompetent, he or she is typically assigned to a mental health facility until competent to stand trial - Compare and contrast the M’Naghten test/rule, the irresistible impulse test/rule, the Durham test/rule, the American Law Institute test/rule, and the Insanity Defense Reform Act. - M'Naghten Test/Rule (1843) - At the time of the crime, individual was so affected by a disease of the mind that they did not know the nature of the act committed or did not know it was wrong - Irresistible Impulse Test/Rule (1934) - At the time of the crime, the individual was driven by an irresistible impulse to perform the act or had a diminished capacity to resist performing the act - “Policeman at the elbow” - Durham Rule (1954) - The crime was a product of a mental disease or defect - American Legal Institute (ALI) Rule (1962) - At the time of the crime, as a result of a mental disease or defect, the person lacked substantial capacity to either (1) appreciate the wrongfulness of the act or (2) to confirm his/her conduct to the law - Insanity Defense Reform Act (1984) - At the time of the crime, as a result of mental disease or mental retardation, the person was unable to appreciate the wrongfulness of his/her conduct (used by Federal Gov’t. and many states); also burden of proof rests on defense - Describe the problems that have been identified with the insanity defense. Identify the percentage of felony cases in which a defendant pleads Insanity and what percentage of those attempts are successful (i.e., the person is found Not Guilty by reason of Insanity) - While perceived as a mean by which guilty people “get off,” the insanity defense is used much less often than many think - Fewer than 1 in 100 defendants in felony cases file insanity pleas, and of those only 26% result in acquittal - Defendants found NGRI serve at least as much time (if not more) than if they were found guilty of the offense - Describe what is meant by Guilty but Mentally Ill and what a major criticism of this verdict is - Guilty but Mentally Ill (GBMI) - A verdict stating that defendants are guilty of committing a crime but are also suffering from a mental illness. - defendants are incarcerated normal term - no guarantee defendant receives treatment for their mental illness - AZ and other states - some states allow guilty with diminished capacity - Describe what it means that a person is incompetent to stand trial - People who do not understand what is happening to them in a courtroom and who cannot participate in their own defense are said to be incomptent to stand trial - Describe the different outcomes that can occur when the question is raised about a defendant’s competency to stand trial - After evaluation made by psychologists, there are 3 possible outcomes: - Competent to Stand Trial - trial continues - Incompetent and Restorable - patient sent to Correctional Health Services Restoration to competency program for treatment - Incompetent and Not Restorable - charges dropped. However, person may meet criteria for civil commitment (24-48 hours to file) - Define civil commitment, and explain why one ought to consider commitment, current procedures, emergency commitments, who is dangerous, and criticisms of civil commitment. - Civil Commitment - A legal process by which an individual can be force to undergo mental health treatment - Why commit? - involuntary commitment of individuals are considered in need of treatment and dangerous to themselves or others - Procedures? - supreme court must rule there is “clear and convincing” proof - Emergency Commitment - when a life is at stake - Who is dangerous? - vast majority of people with mental disorders are in no way dangerous - only a small percent involved in violent acts - Describe the criteria, process, and possible outcomes of a Civil Commitment hearing in AZ - Criteria for Involuntary Commitment - only need 1 to be admitted - dangerous to self (DTS)* - dangerous to others (DTO)* - Persistently or acutely disabled (PAD) - Gravely disabled - danger posed must be imminent - Not due to alcohol/drug abuse only; must be due to psychiatric disorder - Civil Commitment: Process - 72 hours emergency hospitalization for observations and evaluation (COE) - Patient evaluated by 2 independent psychiatrists - Public hearing before judge - patient has a right to legal representation, to call and question witness, and to appeal ruling - “clear and convincing evidence” - 3 Possible Outcomes: - released - offered treatment: change to voluntary status - petitioned to receive court ordered treatment (COT) - Describe some of the rights people who are civilly committed retain. Define and discuss the concept of protecting patients’ rights, including the right to treatment, the right to refuse treatment, and other patients’ rights. - Patients retain some civil rights when involuntarily committed: - Right to Treatment; those who are involuntarily committed, right to receive adequate treatment - Right to least restrictive environment; e.g., out/inpatient, combination - Treatment must be time-limited; 90, 180, or 365 days; must re-petition for additional time - Right to Refuse Treatment; informed consent required; waived if patient is DTS, DTO, psychotic, etc. Chapter 15: Disorders of Aging and Cognition: - Discuss the issues of old age and stress. - Old age brings special pressures, unique upsets, and major biological changes. - People become more prone to illness and injury as they age. - Elderly people are likely to be contending with the stress of loss-the loss of spouses, friends, and adult children; of former activities and roles; of hearing and vision. - Describe depression, anxiety, substance misuse, and psychotic disorders in later life. - Depression is one of the most common mental health problems of older adults. - Features of depression are the same for elderly people as for younger people. - Depression is particularly common among those who have recently undergone a trauma - Rate of depression is higher among those who live in nursing homes - Depression raises an elderly person’s chances - Elderly people who are depressed recover more slowly and less completely from infections and illnesses - Elderly people are more likely to die from suicide than young people, often related to depression - May be treated with cognitive-behavioral therapy, interpersonal psychotherapy, antidepressants, or a combo of 2 or more - Anxiety is also common, as many as 11% of the elderly experience at least one of the anxiety disorders (particularly GAD) - Prevalence of anxiety increases throughout old age - Factors such as declining health heightens anxiety levels - May be treated with psychotherapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy, anti anxiety meds and/or antidepressants - The prevalence of alcohol and substance use disorders declines after age 65 - 3 to 7% of older people have alcohol use disorder in a given year, particularly men - Older patients who are institutionalized, do display high rates of problem drinking - 15% among people admitted to general and mental hospitals - 50% among patients in nursing homes - A leading substance problem in the elderly is the misuse of prescription drugs - Often the misuse in unintentional - Another drug-related problem, increases in the misuse of powerful medications at nursing homes - Alcohol use disorder may be treated through interventions such as; detoxification, Antabuse, A.A., and cognitive-behavioral therapy - Elderly people have a higher rate of psychotic symptoms/disorders than younger people - Symptoms are usually caused by underlying medical conditions such as NCDs - Some suffer from schizophrenia or delusional disorder - Schizophrenia is less common in older people than younger ones - Those with schizophrenia find their symptoms lessen in later life - Delusional disorder is rare in all age groups but prevalence increases in the elderly - Describe the disorders of cognition. - Leading disorders among the elderly are delirium, major neurocognitive disorder, and mild neurocognitive disorder - Delirium - A rapidly developing, acute disturbance in attention and orientation that makes it very difficult to concentrate and think in a clear and organized manner - Major Neurocognitive Disorder - A NCD in which the decline in cognitive functioning is substantial and interfere with the ability to be independent - Mild Neurocognitive Disorder - A NCD in which the decline in cognitive functioning is modest and does not interfere with the ability to be independent - Neurocognitive Disorder - A disorder marked by a significant decline in at least 1 area of cognitive functioning. Such as memory, attention, visual perception, language ability, etc. - Types of NCDs - Most common: Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s Lewy Body, Huntington’s, HIV infection (AIDS), Vascular Disease, TBI - Less common: Pick’s Disease, Chronic Drug or Alcohol Abuse, Creutzfeldt-Jakob, Medical Disease (e.g., syphilis, meningitis) - Distinguish between short-term memory and long-term memory. Summarize the anatomy and biochemistry of memory. - “day-care facilities” - Describe different ways NCDs can be prevented including findings from the Nun Study (Snowdon, et al) that were described in class - Aerobic exercise and mental activity may have some protective value - Reducing risk factors for TBI (e.g., helmets, seat belts, concussion awareness) - Reducing the risk factors for stroke/TIAs (e.g., avoiding smoking, obesity, and hypertension) may reduce the risk for vascular dementia - Vitamin B12, D, and E may have some neurocognitive protective effects - Estrogen and/or NSAIDs may also provide neurocognitive protective effects - Nun Study: demonstrated link between intellectual activity beginning in early life reduced risk - Such as journaling with complex sentences (ex., “today I am feeling joy, the feeling of joy… vs. I’m happy) - Describe what delirium is, what can cause it and why it is critical to get medical assistance ASAP if someone is experiencing symptoms of delirium - Delirium - Disturbance of consciousness with reduced ability to focus, sustain or shift attention - Change in cognition or development or perceptual disturbance - Disturbance develops over a short period of time (hrs to days) and tends to fluctuate during the cause of the day - Evidence from the history, physical exam lab findings that the disturbance is caused by the direct physiological consequences of a medical condition - Causes of Delirium - Dementia (NCD) - Many medical disorders, including stroke, congestive heart failure, an infectious disease, a high fever, or HIV infection - Intoxication with illicit drugs and withdrawal from these drugs or medications - Fluid and electrolyte imbalances - Toxic substances - Why is it critical to get medical assistance? - Delirium can cause permanent damage to cognitive ability - Can also leads to complications, such as pneumonia or blood clots - Describe the issues affecting the mental health of the elderly. - 3 issues raise concern among clinicians: - Inadequacies of long-term care - Many older adults live in fear of being “put away” - They fear having to move, losing independence, and living in a medical environment - Many also worry about the cost of long-term care facilities - Discrimination towards racial and ethnic minority groups - To be both old and a member of a minority group is considered a king of “double jeopardy” - For older women in minority groups, difficulties are termed “triple jeopardy” - Language barriers - Need for a health-maintenance approach - clinical scientists suggest that the current generation of young adults should take a health-maintenance or wellness promotion, approach to their own aging process - In other words, avoid smoking, eat well-balanced, and healthful meals, exercise regularly, engage in positive social relationships, and take advantage of psychoeducational, stress management, and other mental health programs, - Growing belief that older adults will adapt more readily to changes and negative events if their physical and psychological health is good Practice Questions 1. Positive symptoms of schizophrenia include all of the following except: a. Delusions b. Hallucination c. Special Powers d. Disorganized Thought and Speech 2. Dialectical behavior therapy is indicated for which of the following? a. Borderline Personality Disorder b. Schizoid Personality Disorder c. Antisocial Personality Disorder d. Substance dependence 3. Which of the following is not a correct part of the FUMES acronym for antisocial personality disorder? a. F - Fearless b. U - Unresponsive to pain c. M - Muscular d. E - Extroverted 4. Christine is the “drama queen” of her group of friends. Her rapidly shifting moods and need for attention results in provocative behavior. She needs attention and approval from others in all areas of her life. Christine’s personality is most likely to be diagnosed as which of the following? a. Antisocial b. Histrionic c. Narcissistic d. Bipolar 5. Sumayya avoids people because she doesn’t see any value in them. Alix avoids people because he is afraid people might judge him. Sumayya exhibits signs of while Alix exhibits signs of . a. Schizoid PD; Avoidant PD b. Avoidant PD; Antisocial PD c. Antisocial PD; Schizoid PD d. Antisocial PD; Avoidant PD 6. Which of the following is NOT an etiological theory of Alzheimer’s? a. Abnormalities in number of plaques found in the spaces between brain cells b. Head trauma c. Vaccination insults d. Viral Infections 7. Which of the following personality disorders most closely exhibits schizophrenia? a. Schizophreniform PD b. Paranoid PD c. Histrionic PD d. Schizotypal PD 8. The biopsychosocial model of personality disorders would most likely point to which of the following as increasing the risk of developing a personality disorder? a. Reading many biographies about Ted Bundy b. Taking an SSRI c. Having an unpredictable home environment as a child d. Exhibiting well-regulated behavior 9. Shirly is generally a go-with-the-flow sort of person, but when it comes to shopping, she has some very specific ritualistic behaviors. Specifically, Shirley feels like she has to always start on the right side of the stores and work her way to the left. If she is forced to start her shopping on the left side of the store, she gets very upset. In other areas of her life, though, Shirly isn’t concerned about routines. What does Shirly most likely suffer from? a. Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder b. Conscientiousness c. Neuroticism d. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder 10. Lily murdered her former husband. When undergoing a psychological evaluation, she discloses that she would not have murdered him had a police officer been in the room. Which test of insanity would she fail from this statement? a. Durham b. ALI c. McNaughten d. Irresistible Impulse 11. Which of the following might an individual taking a traditional antipsychotic medication experience as a side effect? a. Sedation b. Tardive dyskinesia c. Akinesia d. All of the above 12. There is a slightly higher risk of developing schizophrenia for a baby born… a. Early spring, such as in March b. In the early hours of the morning c. As the second twin in a set d. Nine months after New Year’s Eve 13. Neurochemically, a person with schizophrenia likely differs from their neuro-typical peers because they have excess dopamine . a. In their frontal lobes b. In the neuro-limbic pathway c. In their saliva d. In all parts of the brain 14. Statistically speaking, which of the following is most likely to happen? a. A person with antisocial personality disorder has comorbid substance use b. A person with schizophrenia is hospitalized only one time c. A person with borderline personality disorder has excellent interpersonal relationships in all domains of life d. A person with antisocial personality disorder feels extreme sensitivity to pain 15. Factors contributing to the shorter lifespan for a person with schizophrenia include all of the following except: a. Their higher than average suicide rate b. Alienation from people/resources c. Side effects from drugs d. Their genetic mutation that also causes liver disease 16. Bryan had a schizophrenia diagnosis while growing up in the 1970s. Back then, he was treated and most of the symptoms went away. He no longer suffered from hallucinations, delusions, or disorganized speech, but he still struggled to keep up with work at his job due to his schizophrenia. Bryan was probably taking for his schizophrenia, and the symptom he still had was . a. Clozapine (an atypical antipsychotic), alogia b. Haldol (a traditional antipsychotic); avolition c. Lithium (a mood stabilizer); alogia d. Risperdal (an atypical antipsychotic); avolition 17. A person with schizophrenia may be more likely to relapse in the severity of their symptoms when their family members do which of the following? a. Provide funds for the person to join an assertive treatment program b. Participate in family therapy c. Flatten their affects d. Exhibit high expressed emotion 18. Sophie attended a Shawn Mendes concert last year. She was near the front row and Shawn even smiled right at her during the show. Sophie has been telling her friends about how in love Shawn Mendes is with her. She says they are soulmates, and that he is obsessed with her. Sophie’s friends looked for any evidence that she and Shawn have been in contact - other than a passing glance at the concert, there was no proof. Sophie is most likely suffering from which of the following? a. Hallucinations b. Erotomanic delusions c. Somatic delusions d. Shared psychotic disorder