Nutrition Study Guide: Answers and Food Sources for Various Nutrients, Exams of Health sciences

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ATI Nutrition Proctor Study Guide Review 136questions and answers latest update 2024 Graded A+ How many calories do carbs provide? - Correct Answer 4 cal/g How many calories do fats provide? - Correct Answer 9 cal/g How many calories do proteins provide? - Correct Answer 4 cal/g Glucose - Correct Answer 70-115 Albumin - Correct Answer 3.5-5.0 Prealbumin - Correct Answer 15-36 Protein - Correct Answer 6-8 Sodium - Correct Answer 135-145 Potassium - Correct Answer 3.5-5.0 ATI Nutrition Proctor Study Guide Review 136questions and answers latest update 2024 Graded A+ Calcium - Correct Answer 9.0-10.5 Magnesium - Correct Answer 1.3-2.1 Platelets - Correct Answer 150,000-400,000 Hemoglobin - Correct Answer 12-18 Hematocrit - Correct Answer 37%-52% Cholesterol - Correct Answer <200 HDL - Correct Answer Male >40; Female >50 LDL - Correct Answer <100 Triglycerides - Correct Answer <150 ATI Nutrition Proctor Study Guide Review 136questions and answers latest update 2024 Graded A+ Vitamin C deficiency - Correct Answer scurvy; a hemorrhagic disease w/ diffuse tissue bleeding, painful limbs/joints, weak bones, swollen gums/loose teeth Food sources for Vitamin A - Correct Answer Liver, egg yolk, whole milk, green or orange vegetables, fruits Food sources for Vitamin D - Correct Answer Fortified milk, fish oil, cereal Food sources for Vitamin E - Correct Answer vegetable oils; green leafy vegetables; cereals; apricots, apples, and peaches Food sources for Vitamin K - Correct Answer green leafy vegetables; cauliflower and cabbage. Food sources of calcium - Correct Answer cheese, collard greens, milk and soy milk, rhubarb, sardines, tofu, yogurt Food sources of chloride - Correct Answer salt ATI Nutrition Proctor Study Guide Review 136questions and answers latest update 2024 Graded A+ Food sources of iron - Correct Answer Bread, cereal, dark green vegetables, dried fruits, egg yolk, legumes, liver, meats Food sources of magnesium - Correct Answer Avocado, canned white tuna, cauliflower, cooked rolled oats, green leafy vegetables, milk, peanut butter, peas, pork, beef, chicken, potatoes, raisins, yogurt. affects enzyme and neurochemical activities and the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles. Food sources of phosphorus - Correct Answer Fish, nuts, organ meats, pork, beef, chicken, whole grain breads and cereals. Milk products, beef liver, chocolate, nuts, legumes, peanut butter, dried peas and beans, bran, cola, beer, some whole grains. plays a role in bone and teeth formation and energy metabolism Food sources of potassium - Correct Answer Avocado, bananas, cantaloupe, carrots, fish, mushrooms, oranges, pork, beef, veal, potatoes, raisins, spinach, strawberries, tomatoes Food sources of sodium - Correct Answer Bacon, butter, canned food, cheese, cured pork, hot dogs, ketchup, lunch meat, milk, mustard, processed food, snack food, soy sauce, table salt, white and whole wheat bread ATI Nutrition Proctor Study Guide Review 136questions and answers latest update 2024 Graded A+ Food sources of zinc - Correct Answer eggs, leafy vegetables, meats, protein rich foods. plays a role in tissue growth and wound healing, and supports immune function Recommended intake of protein for adults - Correct Answer 10%-35% of total calories Recommended intake of fats for adults - Correct Answer 20-35% of total calories, 10% or less of total calories should come from saturated fat souces Full liquid diet - Correct Answer Used as a transition diet after clear liquids following surgery or for pts who have difficulty chewing, swallowing, or tolerating solid foods. Diet includes clear and opaque liquid foods, and those that are liquid at body temperature. Foods include all clear liquids and items such as plain ice cream, sherbet, breakfast drinks, milk, pudding, custard, soups that are strained, refined cooked cereals, fruit juices, and strained vegetable juices. ATI Nutrition Proctor Study Guide Review 136questions and answers latest update 2024 Graded A+ vegetables.) Use of soybeans, soy milk, soybean curd (tofu) and processed soy protein products enhance nutritional value of diet Lacto ovo vegetarian - Correct Answer Follow a food pattern that allows consumption of dairy products and eggs. Consume adequate plant and animal food sources, excluding meat, poultry, pork, and fish poses no nutritional risk Lacto-vegetarian - Correct Answer Cosume milk, cheese, dairy foods but avoid meat, fish poultry, and eggs. Diet of whole or enriched grains, legumes, nuts, seeds, fruits, and vegetables in sufficient quantities to meet energy needs and provides a balanced diet. Potential deficiencies in vegetarian diet - Correct Answer energy, protein, B12, zinc, iron, calcium, omega 3 fatty acids, and vitamin D. To enhance absorption of iron, consume a good source of iron and vitamin C with each meal. Include 2 servings per day of nuts What should you give children under the age of two? - Correct Answer low fat milk. Whole milk gives necessary fat for neurological development for children up to 2 years of age ATI Nutrition Proctor Study Guide Review 136questions and answers latest update 2024 Graded A+ What should the nurse do to help with chemotherapy changes in taste? - Correct Answer Use plastic utensils, increase fluid intake to improve taste, suggest pt to eat foods served cold or at room temperature to improve taste, try tart foods and seasonings to improve taste, offer citrus fruits, suggest pickles as snack and gargle w/ mouth wash 1st day after birth, how long should the mother feed per breast? - Correct Answer 5 minute feedings on each breast on the first day after birth Dumping syndrome - Correct Answer When a portion of the stomach is removed, the contents of the stomach are rapidly emptied into the small intestine, causing dumping syndrome. Manifestations occur 15-30 minutes after eating, and include sensation of fullness, abdominal cramping, nausea, diarrhea, faintness, syncope, diaphoresis, tachycardia, hypotension, flushing. Late manifestations occur 1-3 hrs after eating and include diaphoresis, weakness, tremors, anxiety, nausea, and hunger. Manifestations resolve after intestine is emptied. There's a rapid rise in blood glucose and increase insulin levels immediately after the intestine empties, which leads to hypoglycemia. Recommend small frequent meals, consume protein and fat at each meal, avoid food w/ concentrated sugar, restricts lactose intake, ATI Nutrition Proctor Study Guide Review 136questions and answers latest update 2024 Graded A+ consume liquids 1 hr before or after eating, Lie down for 20-30 minutes after meals to delay emptying. Dysphagia - Correct Answer palpate pt's throat during swallowing, inspect for food pockets in the mouth before feeding, allow the pt to rest 30 minutes before meals, use adaptive eating devices, encourage small bites and thorough chewing, tilt head forward when swallowing, place food on unaffected side of mouth and limit disruptions during mealtime, modify texture of foods and consistency of liquids can enable pt to achieve proper nutrition, evaluate medications to see if they're causing dry mouth and dysphagia to determine if this is a potential adverse effect, place pt in upright or high Fowler's position to facilitate swallowing, provide oral care prior to eating to enhance pt's sense of taste, refer pt to speech therapist for evaluation, take pills w/ at least 8 oz of fluid (can be thickened) to prevent medication from remaining in the esophagus, avoid thin liquids and sticky foods. Nutritional supplements are beneficial if nutritional intake is deemed inadequate. What should you teach the pt after being discharged w/ colostomy - Correct Answer increase foods w/ pectin ATI Nutrition Proctor Study Guide Review 136questions and answers latest update 2024 Graded A+ Underweight pt (BMI <18.5) - Correct Answer just more than 1 lb/wk for total of 28-40 lb Overweight pt (BMI 25-29.9) - Correct Answer 0.66 lb/wk for total of 15-25 lbs Which mineral causes constipation - Correct Answer Calcium Hyperlipidemia - Correct Answer pt should limit meat to 5 oz per day TPN - Correct Answer TPN is used when a patient's GI tract isn't functioning, or when a patient cannot physically or psychologically consume sufficient nutrients orally or enterally. It's commonly used in patients who need intense nutritional support for an extended period of time, including patients undergoing treatment for cancer, bowel disorders, critically ill, and those suffering from trauma or extensive burns, as these conditions are associated w/ high caloric requirements. PPN may be used when the patient is unable to consume enough calories to meet metabolic needs or when nutritional support is needed for a short time period (7- 10 days). Eval for presence of allergies to soybeans, safflower, eggs, or lipids. Monitor for "cracking" which has an oily appearance or a layer of fat ion the top of the solution. Verify RX w/ 2nd RN prior to admin. Allow solution to come to room temp for 1 hr prior to administration. Bag of tubing should be changed Q24 hrs. A ATI Nutrition Proctor Study Guide Review 136questions and answers latest update 2024 Graded A+ micron filter on IV tubing is required when giving. Can be D/C since when oral intake exceeds at least 60% of the client's estimated daily caloric requirements Stomatitis - Correct Answer provide meals at room temp, avoid salty food, rinse w/ 0.9% sodium chloride solution or baking soda mixed with water, most foods and liquids with meal to decrease discomfort and promote nutritional intake, and use soft bristled toothbrush, avoid dry coarse foods such as toast Fluid overload - Correct Answer sodium level 130 Pt taking warfarin - Correct Answer Be mindful consuming foods high in vitamin k, such as green leafy vegetables. Gastric bypass - Correct Answer instruct pt to start each meal w/ a protein. The client should consume 60 to 120 g of protein each day Continuous enteral feedings - Correct Answer prevent aspiration by monitoring gastric residuals every 4 hrs ATI Nutrition Proctor Study Guide Review 136questions and answers latest update 2024 Graded A+ Malnutrition - Correct Answer Manifestations: ankle edema Anorexia nervosa - Correct Answer Assign privileges based on direct weight gain. RN to stay w/ pt 1 hr after meals Constipation - Correct Answer instruct the client that consuming the skin on fruits and vegetables adds fiber to the diet.-The nurse should instruct the client to add a small amount of bran to her daily diet, working up to 3 tablespoons daily, which is less than ¼ cup. Adding fiber gradually should prevent abdominal distention and excessive flatus. Cirrhosis - Correct Answer decrease sodium intake to 1-2 grams per day, avoid foods high in fat, increase protein from animal or plant sources. Macular degeneration - Correct Answer increase dietary intake of lutein Hydrolyzed formula - Correct Answer Elemental, composed of partially digested protein peptides and free amino acids. Used for pts who have partially functioning GI tract or pts w/ impaired ability to digest and absorb food. (liver failure, IBD, pancreatic disorders, etc) ATI Nutrition Proctor Study Guide Review 136questions and answers latest update 2024 Graded A+ Fluid volume excess - Correct Answer Sodium 130 Hypoglycemia - Correct Answer Mild shakiness, mental confusion, sweating, palpitations, headache, lack of coordination, blurred vision, seizures, and coma. take 10-20 g of a readily absorbable carb, including 2-3 glucose tablets (5 g each), 6-10 hard candies, ½ cup (4 oz( juice or regular soda, 1 tbsp honey or 4 tsp of sugar. Retest glucose in 15 minutes. If still less than 70 mg/dL, repeat the above steps. Once levels stabilize, have the pt take an additional carb and protein snack or a small meal depending on the severity of the hypoglycemic episode and whether the next meal is more than 1 hr away. Hyperglycemia - Correct Answer go to ED, take med if forgotten. Long term implications of untreated or inadequately treated hyperglycemia include blindness, kidney failure, dyslipidemia, HTTN, neuropathy, microvascular and macrovascular disease, and limb amputation. The Somogyi phenomenon is morning hyperglycemia in response to overnight hypoglycemia. Providing a bedtime snack and appropriate insulin dose prevents this phenomenon. The dawn phenomenon is an elevation of blood glucose around 0500 to 0600. It results from an overnight release of growth hormone and is treated by increasing the amount of insulin provided during the overnight hours. ATI Nutrition Proctor Study Guide Review 136questions and answers latest update 2024 Graded A+ Chronic kidney disease - Correct Answer Restrict phosphorus, restrict protein, restrict sodium, restrict potassium. Recommended daily protein intake is 0.8-1.1 g/kg/day of ideal body weight. High biological value proteins are recommended for pts w/ CKD to prevent catabolism of muscle tissue, and includes eggs, meats, poultry, game, fish, soy, and dairy products. Limit meat intake to 5-6 oz/day for most men and 4oz/day for most women. Limit dairy products to ½ cup per day. Avoid high protein sports drinks, energy drinks, or meal supplements. Avoid herbal supplements that can affect bleeding time and blood pressure. Low phosphorus food sources - Correct Answer Restrict animal proteins. Milk products are generally restricted because they are also sources of phosphorus. Diet for pts w/ kidney disorders - Correct Answer a phosphate restricted diet, phosphate binders, vitamin D, and supplement calcium are used to treat and prevent secondary hyperparathyroidism, renal bone disease, and soft tissue calcification Lactose intolerance - Correct Answer Distention , cramps, flatus, and osmotic diarrhea ATI Nutrition Proctor Study Guide Review 136questions and answers latest update 2024 Graded A+ Liver disease - Correct Answer Multivitamins (especially vitamins B, C, and K) and mineral supplements might be necessary. Protein needs are increased to promote a positive nitrogen balance and prevent breakdown of body's protein stores. Carbs aren't restricted, as they're an important source of calories. Caloric requirements may need to be increased based on eval of the pt's stage of disease, wt, and general health status. Eliminate alcohol, nicotine, and caffeine. Diarrhea - Correct Answer High fiber diet is often prescribed, unless fiber is causing the diarrhea. Nutrition therapy varies w/ the severity and duration of diarrhea. A liberal fluid intake to replace losses is needed. Dudeck: Avoid clear liquids. Low fiber diet that's also low in fat and lactose may help decrease bowel stimulation. Foods high in potassium are encouraged. Banana flakes, apple powder, or other sources of pectin may be added to foods to help thicken the consistency of stools. Probiotics may help lessen diarrhea. Foods that stimulate the GI tract - Correct Answer alcohol, caffeine, foods high in simple sugars like milk, fruit (sucrose), and carbonated beverages (sucrose); high fiber and gas producing foods such as nuts, beans, corn, broccoli, and cabbage; sugar alcohols. ATI Nutrition Proctor Study Guide Review 136questions and answers latest update 2024 Graded A+ Gavage feeding an infant - Correct Answer Subtract the amount of the residual from the amount of the formula to be given. Return the residual to the stomach plus the reduced amount of formula or breast milk. Burp the infant following the feeding if the infant's condition allows. Volume of water to flush is 1.5 times the amount predetermined to flush an unused feeding tube of the same size. Food choices for a toddler - Correct Answer 1-2 year olds require whole cow's milk to produce adequate fat for the still growing brain. Food servig size is 1 tbsp for each year of age. Macaroni and cheese, spaghetti, pizza. Avoid foods that are potential choking hazards including hot dogs, popcorn, peanuts, grapes, raw carrots, celery, peanut butter, tough meat, and candy. During food prep, cut small, bite sized pieces that are easy to swallow and prevent choking. Fat free or low fat dairy. Protein recommendations for a toddler - Correct Answer 2 year olds require 2 oz; 3 year olds require 2-4 oz, 4-5 year olds require 3-5 oz protein. 1 oz of protein: 1 oz cooked meat, poultry, or seafood; 1 egg; 1 tbsp peanut butter; ¼ cup cooked beans or peas (kidney, pinto, lentils) Promoting nutrition for an older adult - Correct Answer Encourage water and natural juices. Encourage socialization and refer to a senior center or program due ATI Nutrition Proctor Study Guide Review 136questions and answers latest update 2024 Graded A+ to social isolation can cause poor nutrition in an older adult. Fixed income can make it hard for older adults to purchase needed foods; refer to food programs, senior centers, and food banks. Meals on wheels are available for housebound older adults. All adults should exercise at a moderate or vigorous pace for at least 30 minutes a day, 3-7 days per week. Loss of lean muscle mass can be decreased w/ regular exercise. Regular exercise can improve bone density, relieve depression, and enhance cardiovascular and respiratory function. Enhance flavor of food by cooking means in new ways or adding different herbs and spices. Expected weight for 6 month old infant - Correct Answer Birth weight doubles by 4-6 months of age. Appropriate weight gain averages 0.15--.21 kg (5-7 oz) per week during the 1st 5-6 months. Dietary recommendations during lactation - Correct Answer Lactation requires 330 k/cals additional for 1st 6 months and additional 400 k/cal after that. The need for most vitamins and minerals increases during pregnancy and lactation. Snacks for 9 month old infant - Correct Answer Iron fortified infant cereal, vegetables, fruit, strained meats, fish, poultry, table foods (cooked, chopped, and unseasoned. ATI Nutrition Proctor Study Guide Review 136questions and answers latest update 2024 Graded A+ Introduce new foods one at a time over 5-7 day period to observe for indications of allergy or intolerance. Delay introduction of milk, eggs, wheat, and citrus fruits that can lead to allergic reactions in susceptible infants. Don't give peanuts or peanut butter due to risk of severe allergic reaction. No honey due to risk of botulism. Appropriate finger foods: ripe bananas, toast strips, graham crackers, cheese cubes, noodles, and peeled chunks of apples, pears, or peaches. Formula feeding - Correct Answer Can be used in place of breastfeeding, as an occasional supplement to breastfeeding, or when exclusively breastfed infants are weaned before 12 months of age. No artificial pacifier or bottles should be used until after 2 wks and when breastfeeding is well established. Iron fortified formula is recommended by AP for at least the 1st 6 months of life or until the infant consumes adequate solid food. After 6 months, formula w/o added iron might be indicated. Fluoride supplements can be required if an adequate level isn't supplied by the water supply. Follow manufacturer's mixing directions. Bottles of mixed formula or open cans of liquid formula require refrigeration. Don't use if formula has been left at room temp for 2 hrs r longer. Don't use partially emptied bottles of formula. Formula may be given chilled, warmed, or at room temp. Always give formula at approx the same temp. Hold the infant during feedings w/ head slightly elevated to facilitate the passage of formula into the stomach. Tile the bottle to maintain formula in the nipple and prevent swallowing of air. Don't prop the ATI Nutrition Proctor Study Guide Review 136questions and answers latest update 2024 Graded A+ Muslims and Mormons - Correct Answer avoid stimulants (coffee, tea, caffinated soda) Catholics - Correct Answer don't consume meat Ash Wednesday and Fridays during Lent. Seventh Day Adventist - Correct Answer Vegetarianism Do not consume animal products of any type INCLUDING eggs and milk products. Vitamin B12 and Vitamin D supplements may be needed with a pure vegan diet. Vegan diets are adequate in protein due to intake of nuts and legumes (dried peas and cooked beans). Some avoid coffee, tea, soda and other beverages that contain caffeine. Foods to avoid while taking MAOI - Correct Answer including aged cheese, smoked, meats, dried fish, and overripe avocados. (phenelzine, selegiline) Nutritional counseling - Correct Answer encourage pt to set goal, wt loss of 6lbs in a month can be expected if plan was followed ATI Nutrition Proctor Study Guide Review 136questions and answers latest update 2024 Graded A+ BMI - Correct Answer Low fat diet, increase water intake, and exercise. BMI under 24.5 is best, Healthy- 18.5 to 24.9 Overweight- 25 to 29.9 Obesity- greater than 30 BMI is calculated based on Weight in Kg/Ht (M2) Pt with BMI of 28, refer them to weight loss group/program. Dietary needs for wt loss - Correct Answer 3500 calories = 1 pound Monitor hunger on a 1-10 scale to avoid emotional eating Never forbid foods Loss is constant, do not weigh daily Eat free of distractions Do not taste foods while cooking to avoid overeating. Control your portion sizes rather than restricting certain foods to prevent cravings. Make a list before going shopping because it will help adhere to meal planning and prevent impulse buying. Eat 3 to 5 meals a day to prevent hunger and overeating. ATI Nutrition Proctor Study Guide Review 136questions and answers latest update 2024 Graded A+ Stress - Correct Answer Causes protein catabolism, increase in blood glucose, and increased metabolism. Eat foods high in protein Avoid the things that are stressing you! Appropriate fat calories per day - Correct Answer Approx. 20% to 35% of total calories should come from fat Less than 10% should come from saturated fat sources.