Anatomy and Physiology Review: Respiratory, Digestive, Nervous, and Reproductive Systems, Exams of Biology

Download Anatomy and Physiology Review: Respiratory, Digestive, Nervous, and Reproductive Systems and more Exams Biology in PDF only on Docsity! ati teas a&p 248 Verified Question and Answers Updated 2024/2025 What is the respiratory system responsible for? - CORRECT ANSWERTaking in oxygen from the environment and releasing carbon dioxide What are the structures of the respiratory system? - CORRECT ANSWERmouth, nose, nostrils, throat, larynx, thracea, bronchi, bronchiole, right lung, and left lung What does the nose do? - CORRECT ANSWERLet in oxygen and let out co2 What is the larnyx? - CORRECT ANSWERvoice box what is the trachea? - CORRECT ANSWERwindpipe What is is the bronchioles? - CORRECT ANSWERExtension of the bronchi What are alveoli? - CORRECT ANSWERsacs at the end of each bronchoiles What is. the function of the respiratory system? - CORRECT ANSWER-exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide. - to maintain pH in the blood oxygen passes from the alveoli into the blood the air will flow into your lungs What disease affect the respiratory system? - CORRECT ANSWERAsthma, Bronchitis, Pneumonia Allergies (The passage way is narrow) What is the Cardiovascular system made of? - CORRECT ANSWERthe heart, blood vessel, and the blood What are the four chamber? - CORRECT ANSWERRight Atrium, Left Atrium, Right Ventricle, and Left Ventricle What is the Septum? - CORRECT ANSWERSeparates the right and left chambers What are the blood vessels? - CORRECT ANSWERVeins, Arteries, and capillaries What are veins? - CORRECT ANSWERthey take blood to the heart the blood is deoxygenated What are arteries? - CORRECT ANSWERthey take blood away from the heart the blood is oxygenated What are capillaries? - CORRECT ANSWERthey connect veins and arteries What is the function of the Cardiovascular system? - CORRECT ANSWERblood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and carbon dioxide and waste away from the cells. Regulate B/P, Maintain body temp, Fight infection, Transport Hormones What is the contraction of the heart? - CORRECT ANSWERSystole (lub) sound What is the relaxation of the heart? - CORRECT ANSWERDiastole (dub) sound What is the is the mitral valve closing? - CORRECT ANSWERwhen the heart contraction When is the semilunar valve closing? - CORRECT ANSWERwhen diastole relax What is the blood flow throught the heart? - CORRECT ANSWERSuperior Venna Cava to the Inferior Venna Cava to the Right Atrium to the Tricuspid Valve to the Right Ventricle to the Pulmonary Semilunar Valve to the Pulmonary Artery to the Left Atrium to the Mitral Valve to the Left Ventricle to the Aortic Valve to the Aorta What does the Digestive System consist of? - CORRECT ANSWERMouth, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestines, Large Intestines, Rectum What organs are included in the Large intestine? - CORRECT ANSWERcecum and colon What does the large intestine do? - CORRECT ANSWERabsorb water and electrolytes What is gastric acid? - CORRECT ANSWERkill bacteria and activate protein What is Gastrin? - CORRECT ANSWERhormone produced in the stomach and stimulates acid what is chloecystokininn (CCK) - CORRECT ANSWERproduced in the small intestine, stimulates the release of enzymes from at pancreas and bile from liver What is Secretin? - CORRECT ANSWERproduced in the small intestine, stimulates production of bicarbonate by the pancreas what is Insulin? - CORRECT ANSWERProduced in the pancreas to help regulate blood sugar levels What is glucogon? - CORRECT ANSWERproduced in the pancreas to regulate glucose What does Estrogen do? - CORRECT ANSWERregulates menstrual cycle What does testosterone check? - CORRECT ANSWERproduction of sperm What is the integumentary system made of? - CORRECT ANSWERskin, nails, hair, and sweat glands Skin Fun fact - CORRECT ANSWERit is the largest organ in the body What is the Epidermis? - CORRECT ANSWERotter layer of the skin what does the epidermis do? - CORRECT ANSWERprotect from infection What is the dermis? - CORRECT ANSWERwhere the blood vessels hair follicles, and sweat glads are What is the subcutaneous/ hypodermis layer? - CORRECT ANSWERthe inner layer fat What are the layers of the skin? - CORRECT ANSWERlayer 1 - epidermis layer 2- dermis layer 3- subcutaneous / hypodermis What is the function of the integumentary system? - CORRECT ANSWERprotect, regulate body temperature, and sensations What is the function of the endocrine system? - CORRECT ANSWERHormones help regulate growth and development, regulate metabolism, help with reproduction, and help fight infection what is the pituitary gland? - CORRECT ANSWERmaster gland what is the thyroid gland? - CORRECT ANSWERproduce thyroxine and calcatonin What is calcitonin? - CORRECT ANSWERregulate calcium What is thyroxine? - CORRECT ANSWERregulate metabolism what does the pituitary gland produce? - CORRECT ANSWERgrowth hormone prolactin What does the parathyroid gland produce? - CORRECT ANSWERparathyroid hormone (PTH) , regulate calcium in the blood What does the thymus gland produce? - CORRECT ANSWERproduces thymosin, helps develop immune system wha does the adrenal gland produce? - CORRECT ANSWERproduce epinephrine, regulate fight or flight what does the pancreas produce? - CORRECT ANSWERinsulin and glucagon, regulate blood sugar levels what does the ovaries produce? - CORRECT ANSWERestrogen and progesterone, regulate periods What does the testies produce? - CORRECT ANSWERtestosterone, regulate the development of male reproduction what does the urinary system consist of? - CORRECT ANSWERkidneys, renal cortex, renal medulla, urters, bladder, and uretha What do the kidneys do? - CORRECT ANSWERfilter out blood what is the renal cortex? - CORRECT ANSWERrenal pryamid and blood vessels what does the renal medulla do? - CORRECT ANSWERConcentrate the urine what does the ureters do? - CORRECT ANSWERtube that carries urine to the bladder what does the bladder do? - CORRECT ANSWERstore urine what is the uretha? - CORRECT ANSWERtube that releases the urine what is the function of the urinary system? - CORRECT ANSWERto get rid of waste and maintain balance What is innate defense? - CORRECT ANSWERfirst line of defense what is inflammatory response? - CORRECT ANSWERblood vessels dilate, white blood cells and fluid are sent to the targeted area what is a histamines ? - CORRECT ANSWERincrease in blood flow to the area and the number of white blood cells are called phagocytes what are phagocytes? - CORRECT ANSWERthey destroy unknown bacteria what is adaptive system? - CORRECT ANSWERsecond line of defense what are antigens? - CORRECT ANSWERforigen invaders that the body has been exposed to what are Helper T cells? - CORRECT ANSWERwhite blood cells induced other cells to help bind to the antigen what is the Cytotic T-cells? - CORRECT ANSWERthey destroy infected cells What are antibodies? - CORRECT ANSWERproteins that help help destroy the antigen What are memory cells? - CORRECT ANSWERwhite blood cells that remember a foreign antigen what is passive immunity ? - CORRECT ANSWERmemory cells made by another individual (mother/baby) what is active immunity? - CORRECT ANSWERbody produces it's own memory cells Long bones - CORRECT ANSWERfound in arms and legs (femur humers, tibia fibia, ulna, radius) short bones - CORRECT ANSWERwrist and ankels (carpal and tarsals ) flat bones - CORRECT ANSWERribs, sternum, blades, hips. (thin often curved ) Irregular bones - CORRECT ANSWERVertebrae compact bones - CORRECT ANSWERotter layer spongey bones - CORRECT ANSWERlightweight layer cancellous bone - CORRECT ANSWERspongy bone with small tissue Trabecular - CORRECT ANSWERspongy bone honeycomb shaped brittle bones - CORRECT ANSWERresults from mutation What do chemicals do ? - CORRECT ANSWERhelp build cells What is a macromolecule? - CORRECT ANSWERchemicals that are essential to life what are cells? - CORRECT ANSWERbasic unit of life what are tissues ? - CORRECT ANSWERmade of cells and preform similar function how many types of tissues are there ? - CORRECT ANSWER4 are the 4 types of tissue? - CORRECT ANSWERepithial , connective, muscle, and nervous What does the DNA pairs match to ? - CORRECT ANSWERA to T C to G What is DNA - CORRECT ANSWERgenetic material that contains genes coded with instructions to produce protein in cells what is the difference between DNA and RNA? - CORRECT ANSWERDNA has 2 strands RNA has 1 strand what does RNA do ? - CORRECT ANSWERtranslate genetic code of DNA into protein What is the difference in Base pairs with DNA and RNA? - CORRECT ANSWERUracil takes the place of Thymine What is mRNA? - CORRECT ANSWERmessenger RNA. it carries the genetic code to the nucleus what is tRNA? - CORRECT ANSWERtransfer RNA. helps assemble aminoacid into protein what is rRNA? - CORRECT ANSWERRibosomal RNA. makes up RNA what is the process of translation? - CORRECT ANSWERmaking protein from RNA What is inheritance? - CORRECT ANSWERtraits that are passed to offspring what is mender's law of inheritance? - CORRECT ANSWER2 alleles for each trait What are the alleles? - CORRECT ANSWERalternative forms of genes what is a genotype? - CORRECT ANSWERcombination of two alleles What is heterozygous? - CORRECT ANSWER2 different alleles for a trait What is homozygous? - CORRECT ANSWERtwo alleles that are identical what is a polymer? - CORRECT ANSWERMacromolecules made of smaller units called covalent bonds linked monomers what is dehydration? - CORRECT ANSWERformation of larger molecules from smaller reactants what is hydrolysis? - CORRECT ANSWERbreaking down bonds to break monomers what are the 4 types of macromolecules ? - CORRECT ANSWERcarbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids what are carbohydrates? - CORRECT ANSWERcomposed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. example: sugars and starches what are monosaccharides? - CORRECT ANSWERsimple sugars What are disaccharides? - CORRECT ANSWERmultiple sugars. 2 covalent bonds sugars What are lipids? - CORRECT ANSWERcarbon, hydrogen, oxygen. important for energy and storage (fatty acids) what are proteins? - CORRECT ANSWERcarbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur. amino acids linked by proteins What are nucleic acids? - CORRECT ANSWERcarbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phourous. store and transport genetic information mircoorganism - CORRECT ANSWERcannot be seen with the naked eye, tiny organism that requires the use of a microscope what is bacteria? - CORRECT ANSWERsingle celled organism that live in many environments. Does bacteria have a nucleus? - CORRECT ANSWERNO What is bacteria considered? - CORRECT ANSWERprokaryotes what is a virus? - CORRECT ANSWERsmaller than bacteria only seen with the microscope not considered alive because they cannot reproduce. what are protozoans? - CORRECT ANSWERthey feed on other cells and divide what is fungi? - CORRECT ANSWEREukaryotes, and have a nucleus what is infectious disease? - CORRECT ANSWERspread from one person to another. (bacteria, viruses, fungi) What is a communicable disease? - CORRECT ANSWERa disease that is spread from one host to another what is a non infectious diseases? - CORRECT ANSWERnot caused by person to person. what is an example of noninfectious disease? - CORRECT ANSWERheart disease, diabetes, cancer what is direct contact? and examples - CORRECT ANSWERdirect contact with mucous membrane or broken skin (sex, kissing, shacking hands) what is indirect contact? and examples - CORRECT ANSWERtouching an object an infected person has toughed (touching a door knob) what are vectors? and examples - CORRECT ANSWERthey carry and transmit disease (misquotes, tics, and fleas) what are protons? - CORRECT ANSWERpositive charge what are neutrons? - CORRECT ANSWERneutral charge what are electrons? - CORRECT ANSWERnegative charge? what are isotopes? - CORRECT ANSWERatoms of the same element, but different neutrons what is the atomic mass? - CORRECT ANSWERtotal of protons and neutrons what is the atomic number? - CORRECT ANSWERthe number of protons in a atom what is the negative charge? - CORRECT ANSWERmore electrons than protons what is the positive charge? - CORRECT ANSWERmore protons than electrons what is an ion? - CORRECT ANSWERatoms that have gained or lost electrons and have a positive or negative charge what is a cation? - CORRECT ANSWERatoms that have lost one or more electrons. resulting in a positive in a charge what is an anion? - CORRECT ANSWERactions that have gained one or more electrons. resulting in a negative charge what are orbitals? - CORRECT ANSWERwhere electrons are found and different to accommodate different electrons numbers what is the S orbital? - CORRECT ANSWERthey have 2 electrons what is the P orbital? - CORRECT ANSWER6 electrons what is the D orbital? - CORRECT ANSWER10 electrons what is the F orbital? - CORRECT ANSWER14 electrons