B.Sc. I Industrial Chemistry Paper I General Chemistry Paper I, Schemes and Mind Maps of Industrial Chemistry

Download B.Sc. I Industrial Chemistry Paper I General Chemistry Paper I and more Schemes and Mind Maps Industrial Chemistry in PDF only on Docsity! B.Sc. I Industrial Chemistry Paper I General Chemistry Paper I : General Chemistry 1. Thermodynamics and chemical equilibrium: Thermodynamic laws, processes and functions, free energy, partial molar quantities, activity, activity coefficients, fugacity. Thermodynamic criteria of equilibrium and equilibrium constant, effect of temperature and pressure on equilibrium constants in gaseous system taking the example of formation of ammonia. 2. Reaction Kinetics and Catalysis: Rate, Molecularity and order of a chemical reaction, effect of temperature on the rate of a reaction, basic principles of catalysis with special reference to homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis, enzyme catalysis, and industrially important catalyzed reactions. 3. Surface chemistry and Interfacial phenomenon: Basic concepts of adsorption isotherm, sols, gels, emulsions, micro-emulsions, miscelles, aerosols. 4. Distribution Law: Distribution coefficient, distribution coefficient when a solute associates or dissociates in a solvent, equilibrium constant, application of distribution law. 5. Basic metallurgical operations and principles of extraction: Pulverization, calcinations, roasting, refining, principles of extraction of metals, extraction of iron and aluminum from their ores and their industrial applications. 6. Acids and Bases: Basic concept of acids and bases, pH and its determination. 7. Nomenclature and Basic concepts in organic chemistry: Generic and trade names of organic compounds, homolytic and heterolytic reactions – carbocation, carbanion and free radicals, field effects, electronic effects, tautomerism, isomerism, elementary ideas of stereochemistry. B.Sc. I Industrial Chemistry Paper II: Material Science 1. Metals and alloys: Important metals and alloys – Alloys of lead, nickel iron and titanium – mechanical and chemical properties and their applications. 2. Cement: Types of cement, manufacture, composition and hydration of portland cement, blended cements, admixture in cements and concrete. 3. Ceramics: Introduction, types, manufacturing processes, refractories and their commercial applications. 4. Polymeric Materials: Introduction to polymers, preparation, properties and application of nylon and polyethylene, brief idea about conducting, light emitting and biodegradable polymers. 5. Glass: Definition and composition, physical and chemical properties, raw materials for manufacture of glasses, manufacture of glass, special glasses – optical,safety, fibre glass, glass wool and colored glasses. 6. Advanced materials: Application of nanomaterials and their qualitative description, supercondcutors, and magnetic materials. B.Sc. II Industrial Chemistry Paper I Process Instrumentation and Industrial Chemical Analysis 1. Principle, construction and working of following measuring instruments: a. Temperature: Glass thermometers, bimetallic thermometer, pressure spring thermometer, vapour field thermometers, resistance thermometers, and radiation pyrometers. b. Pressure: Manometers, barometers, bourdon pressure gauge; below and diaphragm type pressure gauges, Macleod gauges, and pirani gauges. c. Liquid level: Direct-indirect level measurements, float type liquid level gauge, ultrasonic level gauges, and bubble system. d. Density measurement. e. Viscosity measurement. 2. Industrial analysis: Sampling procedures, sampling of bulk materials, techniques of sampling solids, liquids and gases, collecting and processing of data. 3. Chromatorgaphy: Principles, methods and applications of paper chromatography, TLC, GLC, HPLC and GPC. 4. Modern instrumental methods of analysis: pH and conductivity measurements with special reference to water and soil analysis, basic principles and applications of UV-visible and atomic absorption spectrometry. B.Sc. Industrial Chemistry Paper II Unit Processes in Organic Chemicals Manufacture 1. Nitration Mechanism of nitration of paraffinic hydrocarbons and benzene to nitrobenzene and m- dinitrobenzene; chlorobenzene to o-and p-nitrochlorobenzenes; acetanlide to p-acetanlide. 2. Halogenation Reagents for halogenations;. Halogenation of aromatics - side chain and nuclear halogenations. 3. Sulphonation Introduction, sulphonating agents, chemical and physical factors affecting sulphonation, and mechanism of sulphonation reactions. 4. Oxidation Types of oxidation reactions, oxidizing agents, mechanism of oxidation of naphthalene, anthracene and phthalamide. 5. Hydrogenation Thermodynamics of hydrogenation reactions, catalysts for hydrogenation reactions, hydrogenation of vegetable oils, manufacture of methanol from carbon monoxide and hydrogen. 6. Alkylation Types of alkylation, alkylating agents, thermodynamics and mechanism of alkylation reactions, manufacture of alkyl benzenes (for detergent manufacture). 7. Esterification and Hydrolysis Esterification reactions by organic acids. Commercial manufacture of ethyl acetate, vinyl acetate, cellulose acetate. hydrolysis agents, mechanism of hydrolysis. B.Sc. Industrial Chemistry Paper III Inorganic Chemicals 1. Introduction to Inorganic Chemicals 2. Industrial Gases N2, O2, H2, CO2 - manufacture, uses and economics 3. Petroleum Refining Process Introduction, distillation, octane number, additioes, hydro-treating, cracking, reforming, alkylation and polymerization, separation of natural gas (methane production). 4. Chemicals from Methane Methanol, formaldehyde, acetic acid, chlorofluorocarbons and fluorocarbons - manufacture, properties and uses. 5. Pesticides Introduction to pesticides, manufacture and use of some insecticides such as DDT, organophosphorus insecticides; herbicides- such as heterocyclic nitrogen based organic compounds. 6. Fertilizers History and economics of fertilizers, Fertilizer materials, direct application fertilizers, mixed fertilizers (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium sources, ammoniation ) liquid vs solids, and controlled release fertilizers. 7. Pulp and Paper Industry Manufacture of pulp and paper and their uses. 8. Surfactants, Soaps and Detergents Introduction, cationic and anionic surfactants, straight chain detergent intermediates linear alcohol sulphates (AS), linear alcohol ethoxy sulphates (AES) and linear alkyl benzene sulfonates (LAS), Amphoterics and detergent builders 9. Cosmetics and Perfumes Definition and characteristics, creams, Hairsprays, Hairdyes, Toothpowder and tooth paste, talcum powder, face powder, lipsticks, nail polish, shampoos sun-tan lotions; perfumes and essential oils. 10. Cane Sugar Industry Manufacture of white crystalline sugar, extraction of the juice, clarification (lime defaction process, by sulphate ion and by carbonation), evaporation, crystallization and refining of sugar, uses of bagasse. Paper II: Polymers 1. The science of large molecules Brief history, general definitions, basic chemistry and nomenclature of polymers 2. Types & general classification of polymers Natural, and synthetic polymers, organic & inorganic polymers, thermoplastics & thermosetting polymers, condensation and addition polymers, homo, hetero and copolymers. 3. Types of polymerization Addition, condensation, ionic and coordination polymerization, kinetics and mechanism of addition, condensation and ionic polymerization reactions. 4. Need of copolymers and copolymerization Block and graft copolymers, mechanism and kinetics of copolymerization - the copolymer equation. 5. Molecular weight and molecular weight distribution Number & weight average molecular weights of polymers, methods of determining molecular weights, significance of molecular weight distribution. 6. Polymer solutions: Criteria of polymer solubility, solubility parameters, fractionation of polymers with special reference to gel permeation chromatography. 7. Polymer structure and morphology: A brief idea of microstructure of polymers based on chemical and geometrical structures, intermolecular forces and chemical bonding in polymers, linear, branched and cross linked polymers, stereo regular polymers, crystallinity in polymers, effect of crystallinity on the properties of the polymers, factors affecting the crystallinity. Paper III: Thermoplastics and Thermosetpolymers 1. Plastic materials (A). Thermoplastics Detail study of the following thermoplastic polymers with respect to synthesis, chemistry, properties and applications. (i). Natural polymers Natural rubber, cellulose, silk, gum and resin. (ii). Commodity plastics a. Polyolefins: Polyethylenes (LDPE, HDPE), polypropylene, ethylene-propylene copolymer. b. Styrene and Polystyrene, ABS plastics, styrene and styrene copolymers: acrylonitrile (SAN) c. Vinyl Plastics: Polyvinylchloride, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol d. Cellulosics: Cellulose nitrate, cellulose acetate (iii). Engineering Plastics a. UHMWHDPE & HMWHDPE b. Polyamides: Nylon 6, 66, 610. c. Acrylic Plastics, PMMA, PAN d. Polyesters: Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) e. Fluoropolymers: PTFE (Teflon) f. Aromatic Ethers: Polyphenylene oxide (B). Thermoset Materials Detail study of the following thermoset polymers with respect to synthesis, chemistry, properties and applications. a. Phenol-formaldehyde resins b. Amino resins, urea-formaldehyde and melamine-formaldehyde Polyurethanes c. Epoxy resins: curing process and its importance with mechanism d. Unsaturated polyesters; fibre reinforced plastics (FRP) and alkyl resins. e. Silicones Paper IV: Rheology, Degradation and Processing of Polymers 1. Rheology and mechanical properties of polymers Viscous flow, rubber elasticity, visco elasticity, glassy state and the glass transition temperature, (Tg), factors affecting glass transition temperature, optical, electrical and thermal properties of polymers. 2. Degradation of polymers Degradation of polymers by thermal, oxidative, mechanical and chemical methods, random degradation and chain depolymerization 3. Polymerization techniques A general idea of bulk, solution, suspension, emulsion, polymerization processes. 4. Polymer processing General concept of plastics, fibres and elastomers: (i) Plastic Technology A brief idea of compression moulding, injection moulding, extrusion and blow moulding techniques, thermoforming and foaming, casting, coating and calandering, reinforcing (Fibre reinforced plastics -FRP) (ii) Fibre Technology A brief idea of textile and fabric properties, fibre spinning (wet, dry and melt spinning), (iii) Elastomer technology Vulcanization of elastomers, chemistry of vulcanization . 5. Additives and compounding A general idea of fillers, plasticizers, antioxidants, colourants, fire retardants, thermal stabilizers and compounding ingradients etc. b. Organomercuric compounds Ethyl mercuric chloride, ceresan-M, panagen, agalol, uspulan, puratized, germisan; mode of action, agrosan GN. c. Dithiocarbamates Ziram, ferbam, thiram, nabam, zineb, maneb, captan, hinosan, vapam, etc. Mode of action. d. Miscellaneous fungicides Dithanon, diclone, captan, polpet, diflolatan, mesulfan, brestan, dodine, glyodin, methyrimol, terrazole. Herbicides Introduction 2,4-D; 2,4-DB; 2,4-DES; MCPB; 2,4,5-I, Monujron, fenuron, TCA, paraquat. Fumigants: HCN, CS2, ethylene halides, durofume, methyl halides. Rodenticides: Zice phosphide, warfarin Nematicides: DD mixture, aldicarb, fensulfothion Plant growth regulators: Introduction, gibberilic acids, indole acetic and butyric acids, Naphthalene acetic acid, cycocil, mode of action. Formulation of pesticides Dry formulations - Dusts, grannules, wettable powders, seed disinfectants, Liquid formulations - Emulsions, suspensions, aerosols and sprays PRACTICALS 1 Isolation of nicotine from tobacco leaves/ wastes 2 Preparation of copper sulphate 3 Estimation of copper in copper sulphate formulations, 4 Formulation of copper sulphate, 5 Estimation of arsenic insecticides. 6 Isolation and estimation of active ingredients of commercially available insecticide formulations. 7 Preparation of selected pesticide formulations in the form of dusts, emulsions, sprays. 8 Estimation of pesticide residues in food articles. 9 Study of the degradation of pesticides in soil in the presence of sunlight and moisture. 10 Determination of pesticide contents in the soil. 11 Effect of plant growth regulators on the development of plants and fruits. 12 Industrial visits to agrochemical industry and submission of reports. Pharmaceuticals Paper I 1. Historical background and development of pharmaceutical industry in India in brief Pharmacopoeias: Development of Indian Pharmacopoeia and introduction to B.P., U.S.P., E.P., N.F. and other important pharmacopoeias. 2. Introduction to various types of formulations and roots of administration a. Aseptic conditions, need for sterilization, various methods of sterilization. b. Various types of pharmaceutical excipients, their chemistry process of manufacture and quality, specifications- glidants lubricants, diluents preservatives, antioxidants, emulsifying agents, coating agents, binders, colouring agents, flavouring agents gelatin and other additives, sorbitol, mannitol, viscosity builders, etc. c. Surgical dressing, sutures, ligatures- with respect to the process, equipments used for manufacture, methods of sterilization and quality control. d. Pharmaceutical packaging materials, ancillary materials, packaging machinery, quality control of packaging materials. Paper II 1 EDA : important schedules and some legal aspects of drugs 2 Phytochemicals: Introduction to plant classification and crude drugs, cultivation, collection, preparation for the market and storage of medicinal plants. 3 Evaluation of crude drugs: Moisture content, extractive value, volatile oil content, foreign organic matter quantitative microscopic exercises, including of starch, leaf content (palisade ratio, stomatal number and index vein islet number and vein termination number) crude fibre content. 4 Introduction of chromatographic method of identification of crude drugs. 5 Chemical constitution of plants- including carbohydrates, amino acids, proteins, fats, waxes, volatile oils, terpenoids, steriods, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, glycosides, alkaloids 6 Various isolation procedures for active ingradients with example for alkaloid, e.g., vincaalkaloids, reserpine; one for steriods- sapogenin, diosgenin, diagroh. 7 Pharmaceutical quality control (other than the analytical methods covered under core subject) - sterility testing, pyrogenic testing, glass testing, bulk density of powders. Paper III 1. Classification of various types of drugs with example Raw materials, process of manufacture, effluent handling of the following bulk drugs (i) Sulpha drugs- Sulphaguadine, sulphamethoxazole (ii) Antimicrobial - chloraamphenicol, furazolidine, mercurochrome, isoniazid, Na-PAS