Basic Electronics and circuits laboratory manual, Lab Reports of Electronics

Download Basic Electronics and circuits laboratory manual and more Lab Reports Electronics in PDF only on Docsity! ~ Experimens 4 Dectpher 6 resistances using it color, bamd.; DLAGIRAM : RESISTOR 44-BAND COLOR Cope : Digits Colours oO Resistane value, 4 “fitst three bands « 2 First band — toligit 3 Second bard — 24 agit Thin band — Mustipier | (ne. of cers 5 Treat [6 digit) 7 3 9 _| Fourth band t5¢ tolerance tol. Scanned with CamScanner i | | | ADINGS AND TABLES: | Reginton 1: Fingt band is ned= 2 Second bond is neds 2 Third band is green = Fourth band % gold = § zeros ts]. toleane R tanec) = 2200000 222M R pros) = 24M u Tolerance t £ 5S] OF 2200000 on (5% 22.0000 ) = ¥ §410,000 lowest Range = Highest Range = 2200000 - 140000 2200000+t 11000 = 2090000 ' o= 2ZZlo0cOn Rouge = ( 2040000%— 2310000)0 Percentage - |The error = [zeMa zee = 4. Resistor 2 : First band i& red Seuonel band Is red Third band is ved Fourth lard is gold R Chee) ® oreHical - Practicad Theoreticat Daun 5+ = 2 eg = 2 Res = £54. tolerane 2200 22k we / x 100 ae a Scanned with CamScanner ON Shay word i poe 2 Perret —_] | 0 fh RU.) = 4000 40K Riproxy = 15 K- Toleone = t(57 of) 40000) 2 t(5_ x 1.0000) n 00 = + 500% o- 500 = W500 = 1000 vais rates Teo0et 500 = 1opoon Ramae 2 (Asoo —408007) Percent age eror « pee - Pract x dio | | Theoretical . | = 140000-%1509| x 400 | e | 41.0000 | = 2-57. Resistor 6: iret bond is brown = Second band i black = 0 Twird wond YU Bem = 5 zeros Fourth band 4 yor > = 7 AML / Ri pra) < 4M Tolorance = $57: of 4M (Shoo % 1M) = 50,0002 Lowest range= “A.p90000- $0000 = AS0, 0002 Hig hes e: 1000000 + $0000 = 1050000 2. Range = (A 0,00N — lo $a,000 a) Pereutage over = ime) x 100 7 4aM+L sc Of. led 9S Ss 9S 24 9 9 5 Scanned with CamScanner  Dated: 19°" Nov, 2044 EXPERIMENT Not —~ __—_— Decuphen 6 nenistonces using - ide al colour band. | APPARATUS : “7m. | Corbon _neaistors. Colon tore table, __| Digtta jf multi-meter (DMM) JHEORY : fh IResistors » Resistor contrasts the amount of Lurnent, Adour tn a cinewit- Tt ie on ebecdaic component with a Pinoun opie valanoh_ slants a nesiston nesital Ov _oppows the show of, cu et hacia ce Tk ib che base Component ef anu circuit, Ft Cam be si, uo types : > Vorioble nersistons I> Fixed nesistors _ | Vosiob le resisters: Vasiable hesistors care Aesigned sal thak thew Cgtanc velo can be changed cov. 7 Poentomeler: The veut Resistor Usecl to divide Wound > Rhoostat : Varfoble veststor Used bo corerot Current - | Fixed reststors + They ow Ovortete witha tage | Avleckion of, nesistanw volucs thal re sex Cluing | Ofc rhe oun amc commoet he changed oily. Very | TL Scanned with CamScanner  commen Adoud resistance in corbon-cempesiiven 2. - Since Canben-compesilion NEesrstors Ore playsicalte — ver Arno » ther OAL Coto. vecleck to tmetcate herr neaibtance im Chm: | | Inter pretanien of colon bamde+ these bomds OAx | Pumked Qupunch tne boar of, the noaistor wean te one emd- Fach color storcls ox a oligét - the Aust three | backs grieve ibis tance veduct Stanting 4pucm Left do hab, bri color bands are _tnierpriled O4 folios: > The 4st band hese to the edge um dicoder tre Falist oligtk wm the mummers vOLUL Of, resistance: = “> The Secevel bowel gives ine Second Giger: = tre third _bamd io tne dechmal Wurttin lier. It | Opes the rumioes Of, BELO s— Olen “che “us0 digits The. TRAULE NG _susmber ob the rails tance in - > Fouts band Auts resistance tolerana Ty thers umclerstood tobe t20/: 0 4ounth Don s wlranw % | Vole Tolerance + Towne mean, the Actual | we Volug w MoyDe Qreater or Loser than | hesAistan dt, _indicared vote: ALL Yeststors are Amanupactured amd Sed urtth a spectttod tobeyamcs. Corben. Cs 20-1 Action rears-tors nave tolerances ef 4 55 +410; ore +20). of gold. eeiver_amdl ne Cheurth aotor band ——__} __ Meso Atel Scanned with CamScanner | Rie D2KQTST Roe 4-7 Kf 457. Raz 56 KD 297 Ry = 10 etl . R, R2 | Calculations : | Raz Rit R2 ¢ Thee) (2-2 +41) pnisy = 64k £67: R = b& a Pech = 6-36k Percentage error= |6-Gk2- 6 S6E 2 64KR = o-57/- = | x too: ciRCUIT DIAGRAM: ~o wi AWM Ww at R Ro Rs Colceutolion « Rp= RatRs (thes) ~ (644+ 56)KNE SY. = I2G kD + 57 Scanned with CamScanner  Ry 2 1245 KA Penen to e ervor= 25-125 | x 400 / “4 j2-5 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM * Re Rs R4 | Ri | CoLCubotivens + Ree ROt Rt ra | Othe) a tS | { | _ (1x9 lok | 92-5 kr 167 | | Rt 2 2253kK2 “ere I2-S3KSL 4 4.00 /° Percentage error | ere = O-3T: CONCLUSION: _ Henw the total veastanw im series combination ub Gwen above. Scanned with CamScanner  teed: 1% Nov, 2049 | ____|EXPERIMENT_ 2 _ __ | Evoluate t0tok resistance im serie —\—— APPARATUS : | 4 COnben nesisters (having nersirtancs tm leo i Ae _coberleulsans - bieedl losancl, Digtal Multimeter (DMM), Coletator | THEORY: Series combmoation + Whin ane cemponemnts tn ce ——— a | ctreutk One Comnectock ond to end, 40 thot OCUL Tat oa Y cthe. | Cunrent posse tous, Olt nesibtorms them Cembimitew wh AGia -Lo be tm serces: Tne Seres Coach Current hemes bone Toto2 vesirstomes : Toto veatstancw to & sere unk be the sum ef, au gertes Cyeremn iofmautien. 4 Ay esta tances. (St SOU,, Jf, use rave porwr esis tency commedad UN Series sno tre total resistance wll be __ Ree Rit Rat React Rae | ef 40 or amore cicow uempenents ore in Aertes ty Scanned with CamScanner Node: Noc & ony point pohene the bermaicals|— cuit Olernerts meek + Tazo _—___—— : tty bos ———+— i ——-— }  o Sertes neaistive coracuilts Are Used tn 1 — BOW? pow brews - 2 Sentes Ureutts ane used Hor WOLO-8 2 i i Aiidir clacuctts- i { | CoNCLUusIion Hen, the total resistance evabuated len sertes Comiotnatiin thecrwtically ig 225k QT | fama princticod yi 22:56 k 2 7 eee _ \A : Ae uy wy. NS : \ it Sf Xa Ve ee al [LY Sb 1S dt Scanned with CamScanner  ae ie rere ee Experian 3 | Evaluate total resistance Ponotlel | | Comloimodiier:- Node to node Cuca Ciiven resistances ane: | Ris 2AkKM TS. Re: 49 KN457: Re> 5-6 Kats Re = 40KN+ 6. erRcuT DIAGRAM : vox e, ‘> Wn RQ, b_wwym__l so” J KIL A457. ene 0-6672 KN E5SY- (les) Ra = 1-498k2 £5/- | (tes) = V4 KL Re prac) al L-AOGK.2 -l4@F2 |: 4FOGkK2 xX 1007. | | Percentage error = | > 0.0677. CIRCUIT DinmRaAM: SSSUIT DIAGRAM : WwW aS Scanned with CamScanner }--- ~ enema werner cca ” a Coteutatiens * a RB esas Ra 3 Koa. 2 (06672 t0° 1196) ke £57: | ra O-B453 KR L657]: | RG CThen) | Rg = HI@2K245/. (Thee) Rema? 1113 kA | ervor= [112-1113 | x 4007- | Rereentioge error || = 0-16'/: ciRauT DIAMRAM: Qe aa | Colcutoctions: | 1. 1. +_] we aw a Rr Rae Re a Cthes) Keene (? Q45% t+ OI KD IS7. | ! = 0.904590 k2 £6y. | Ae (es 4 Ry = 1054 KD L597: (theo) Repay = 1-052 kA Percentage. ener = \\.057-1-052) y 400). 20-4731 1.054 Scanned with CamScanner | ‘ | | epee epeniment 4 op total nesixtances in series ~ Evaluatten porated combination of Seq vemeed cihcuits t. | (® resistances mor): r | Cniven Heaistances art: L | R, = 1k : K Rr = 22KR ty Rs = L5 KE [~ Re 2 2-2K2 . Roe ATRL bs R = 86K. fil R= b-Oka 4 Rs - 40RD a | CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: Cé-4) ‘| RR | . Re 2 Rt ir / | - tet +t ee | i Ra Re Ry Tt => / +_/ Ro -2k2-2.2.kO Da 37 | wede: Ra = 0-165 | Scanned with CamScanner Ree RitRs =e lkar b5K2 2 25k Rieee Rat Re 2 (0-165 42: 5)Jk2 > 2-244kK2 Rprac > 3-52 K 2 Percentage error = | 2.95_ 2. a 521-3921 too, — A 2F = 16} CIRCUIT DIAGRAM ¢¢- 2) bt . Pe f/f +t + Ra Re Ry Re = | +f + f —__ — P24QR 22kKDR beg = (0.833 + 04645 + O.l4g5 ka Ra = 0-6320 Scanned with CamScanner  i I | i t | RS fee = Rit kat e PLAS Reo * Ra + Re - ob62got 12% = 736 Ko Borac = PTF a Perntage Vay = 7- 8B - 1-3 1881 | x 400/- ciReuT DIAGRAM Ce-3) bn. an. aan R Rg Rs Ra ( — Ra fee vf Re Rp = / + t PgR 22ko. BAKO Re + alt fo ew, Re / (Ok 2 (0.933 + OFAS+ 0-1995+ ON)KD S| Scanned with CamScanner  Doted, * __ [EXPERIMENT 4 SB Nota2089 —}— Thee sate ee ok ttt resistence, tn. | _ —_letncuite- (0 nesistomees tmacinaany | ___|@ePaARatus_ | Breacl beards © tanbon-hesis tors (Maving | nosistances in ko) Digital Musit-metes, (DMM), Cokeulotor. ___iTHEORY Series - parauer cinaie: Sentes- Poroler Cincuis |. 1 Ou Used whee tt ws Necembovey to Purice voriousl Gmounts ot Cunnent and woltages Ute Ainge. Power, Supply. Ekcctypynic cereeits CUu Usuclly ef tris type | because Generous they Use only one voltage source. 97 Such | Circuits » seme Mosistors cre connected in Pordilel andl tun this Paxaue Lembincduen iS convucted in series with der | Tesist0 (S- + Fmolysing Series 4’ porawel drat 9 most ef this tune, its helpful to reduce the quinen Crcuuct to _an fouwolont series cincuit: This can be done my handling pawallel past farest and +han haclucing, dk to am eauut velent single Mesistane » Foy example > the cht is Gowen: Scanned with CamScanner  L Ri a SAA _. YE LG (series -parauer a =o “ g Rs Circuit). SIV" | je Ra Ri LLADAA_. ! L, (series cireuit) (b) = 3 RRs LADADA c Re Tats t ow we Cay Avmptiby a complex direuit (Series-paroulel combination) mtn simple Circusd - ; = ____ Total resistance: Censiciering tiqure (A) we can ind total Moris tank oy SLING R, amd 3 um 1 Pouce MICA ematical i I - | + 1 | Ro . Re R3 [Otter that Ri, Rll, Re wlit_be on series where 1 Rau RazRa. We can dend total reststance by solutre thes | healstQnles m_ series: | Rre Ret Rat 24 - “thé Vea tA ne persistance is the total nesrstance of Pe 1 mcuut (a)- 1 1 t { Scanned with CamScanner  ___Tetot_ omens + \ Since, We Know total nesistanu and the J | 4s Sounce Voltage Now, we can simply apply Ohms Cow | ak to And +the total curnaent- MownernaHeodiy , Lis Ve Re —_o —_— Branch current : Using Cunnent divecler 4o7miulas KCL, Ohms {7 ! i { I [Raw we can hand the cussent on ach bronch . t Mathem 4 oe — odicoully “ Rre R+Rs i Tis Rr x Ty a _ a, Bethe | ge RRR i ! dy = &Re . rt Lo kr= K.ks t Rar Ra ae ' , = Rata, ! ah T 1 = R3 =f ty _ — | Ra +R _ Similan, fee Eo LS... Ro ie te Re tks ——_1_©r _we_can_4i nd La by Lusi "Gg, Sig: wollte? : i f _ See Tet ds 5 To221,-5 “age Ayvops : t we aan find Votrage clx0ps By Lusung Scanned with CamScanner  devtces faug comply circuits. Sich | fAcuts have Glries - parctle Combination + __* Refevisions, compucers and asi atmon electowic APPTICATONS: _ | CoNCWSION: L tléne, the @vawatiin of tote meastance | — A Circa | ib _Geven - , A i A fs vi, aa Ol ip Ke v ft pia | G TOL v +7 Scanned with CamScanner  Paerrh 5 Exp ‘ Expr i of (eotok regis toncea) = csi enge tow Ca) cbreundt wing =e et Given resistances one — R= 56kKO _ Q+ 1ko nt | R3= 2-2 kK ae —Y cigcuiT DIAGRAM _ | | eg Re Re — | MAM LYWV' om". — | Afb | i ~“h 5YvV | CALCULATIONS ~ Rp = Ry + R+Re Lo ey _ebka+ 1kKNt 2AM fs ap ’ = Beka bsaee th 2 Vr Percentage ever = | 0-568 -0-62 Kloot i Rr 0-568 | = 2 . = Of fF. I, = 0:564mA a (hee) aos - | Lone = ©-62mA Scanned with CamScanner  Vea (thes) it “ Nea = (prac) Percentage error = | Theoretical - Practicak! . igo 7. R, ~N\r Ri +R 4R; 5:6 x5 8-3 0-6363 x& B48V 3.189 V Theoretical = 18:48 - 3-409) gooy, 3-48 = 0-27}. Re Vr K+ R+R, ip y, ft x5 Fd 3-3 / 0-4436 x5/ 0-568 V O-SSaV error = | 0-563-0-554! x loo 1 ; 0.563 = 497. Scanned with CamScanner totorot 1 \ \ \ Lk  eT er (Tyventage SOMO; While _gavng hound QO. hoops Sh 4 Ts =ve__texminad +o tH, sve beuntnad » thew ts nige On potentok hue tis EME show be Gtuen xve sl gpn and vice versa -. ee —— Tt fs imp@dart to nole that olagloruic Agr LSh voltage source fg_tndepenclent ef) the Ofrecdion. ofr | Clue Ato ( wireowhin Chockising Ot Courier Chockunse) a Eigen. _pyo.nch In which the bamery fs connuted-_ _ ams IR Anops en nesislors : ——— oO Ty_we go _Hapugh, Q_nesistor fn the game LOnectiou a5 ite currents then there is tabi tn patential | becouse current aleys flows é to Lower, Poteniia L.- Hen‘ fk Ahould be taken -ve- 5h Wwe 9p arwuncl the Leof? fn_clinection opposite to Abo ef Curt TR Shorid be taken as tve- ___-| PRocEDURE : © Foy the evedlualion ef KVL we have to foitorv he poten Slaps + * (aah three nedtstors anc Place them om bread boat fn_serfes Ccombiraiton - And wilh the \nelp of Lemnecing Wwtres aktoch Votbag soure | sf SV te the tw | ie Err total nedistource Ra by using | 4ewnwte_Rr= RitRatRs. Grol abt, that pind teptstors ko CompPryte te cfactt T | i i t Scanned with CamScanner  2 | - ae a | | ___T1._loy Using Chen's tow |----___* foh Tr meters, use DMM and bAgale | he Poth ond Ottarh ammetin tn bees - * Now, For Vor pwctical volue, Uoace one prob of the DMM on RQ, Quel othe Minh tot amotnthé ena of Br. Anct tv Avie Ver thevohelizal | NOU Used the yortcae olivider, fewmula Sa 4 New as Qe es Vr Rt e Prony, | Uwsimn Ono. fee eono4 ef each vouage achoss Cac hesatster: Uv e Find Vs onten com be Calculated bit. | Oddi Cul the voltage _olaops Ocrpys tach Wprib tor - Cor ute paactical volue» Mace ene prob oF, Om ot +Vve terminal of Dre YOURE. youre ond —é othiy at mera Gt tesomimal eb Ps ge since APPUCATIONS « o this bute _'s applicabe to every Crew bet ft fs veoy fructfeur to solve cempdicalet churns — e KVL can be app Uccl to @€ ‘preset cthcourt Cncl_ fh fe the backbone et etecthoutts and engineering | Scanned with CamScanner  aS al | | | worRs fin the _¢ Ct cet 2 KVL__ok Oleaheront scarstons 4 Tt helps us to unders tarel | _bius_unttage eo —__—_* the_yotta: “otyibutter._fn vorfows néslstond ai etacut— cam “easily be_youmd dul aut by Cpplying | c€kturt. + can be usec te anclyRe | the electric! | » Sim pt, ChOrec| Leep dortasibie becomes mmandrigetible endl analysts: a cemmples —— + LA re thine ib ne seein omagretic. firiolk on | me chose Loop- Electice pelols ame emf Can | | CONCLUSION: fetchob 5 ae dau. LIMUTATIONS : | Et works umes thi assemmptien that be induced which courses RE Kinchobh's Loop pect +o break EA pavsence, Gy VOMEODE eg Hence, the circuit ts ae ust ng. | Fate | Ly Dy, | i 1 i | —F [?- Bg Scanned with CamScanner