Unit 2: Microscopy and Urinalysis in Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Lab Reports of Chemistry

Download Unit 2: Microscopy and Urinalysis in Clinical Laboratory Sciences and more Lab Reports Chemistry in PDF only on Docsity! Clinical Laboratory Sciences 1113 INTRODUCTION TO CLINICAL LABORATORY PRACTICE UNIT 2: MICROSCOPY/URINALYSIS OBJECTIVES FOR UNIT 2: A. Basic Renal Anatomy and Physiology 1. Identify (from an appropriate illustration) and define the roles of the following urinary tract components. a. kidneys b. renal blood vessels c. ureters d. bladder e. urethra 2. Identify (from an appropriate illustration) and define the function of the following parts of the kidney. a. cortex b. medulla c. apices (papillae) d. pyramids e. calices f. pelvis 3. Locate/identify (from an appropriate illustration) and describe the primary function of the following functional parts of the nephron. a. efferent arteriole g. proximal tubule b. afferent arteriole h. distal tubule loop of Henle c. glomerulusi. j. basement membrane d. Bowman's space/capsule e. collecting ducts f. peritubular capillaries 4. Define the following kidney functions in terms of base mechanism and net result(s). a. filtration b. reabsorption c. secretion d. excretion e.renal blood flow 5. Define the following terms associated with renal function or dysfunction. a. anuria b. oliguria c. uremia d. polyuria B . Urine as a Laboratory Specimen . 6. Explain the meaning and relationship of the following terms, with reference to specimen processing, testing, and reporting test results: a. Patient Medical Record Number (MR #) b. Patient Identification Number (PID#) c. Requisition Number (REQ#) d. Accession Number or Reference Number (REF#) 7. Explain why it is important that each aliquot (sample) of patient specimen must contain: a. Patient Name b. PID#, REQ#, or REF# c. Date and Time of Collection 8. Describe the rationale and general collection method for the following types of urine specimens. a. random f. clean catch b. first morning g. midstream c. timed h. catheterization d. post-prandial i. supra-pubic aspiration e. fasting j.U-bag (pediatric) 9. Identify common specimen containers used in routine urinalysis. 10. Describe at least two common methods of specimen preservation. 11. Identify factor(s) that impart normal color, clarity and turbidity to urine 12. Describe five (5) abnormal color/clarity situations of urine and the reason for each. C . Physical Examination of Urine . 13. Describe the base composition of urine. 14. Define specific gravity (S.G.). 15. Describe the principle of the urinometer for determining urine specific gravity. 16. Describe the principle of the refractometer for determining urine S.G. 17. Identify the two (2) substances that have the greatest effect on urine specific gravity and how they may be compensated for when testing for urine specific gravity. 18. Define osmolarity. Compare to specific gravity. 19. Describe two (2) situations when an abnormally high S.G may be seen, and two reasons when an abnormally low S.G is seen and the physiological reasons for each. End of Information for Unit 3 Part I Exam 50. Define the main features and purpose(s) of the following microscopic methods. a. darkfield microscopy b. fluorescence microscopy c. phase contrast microscopy d. polarizing microscopy F. Microscopic Examination of Urine Sediment 51. Describe the overall rationale for performing a microscopic exam on urine specimens. Cite the most common of the formed elements. 52. Outline three (3) sources of error when microscopic exams are performed. 53. Cite the most common of the stains used to examine urine sediment to include visual interpretation. 54. Describe the general laboratory technique used in preparing for the examination of urine for microscopic analysis. 55. Recognize from an actual specimen, simple drawing, or 35mm slide, distinguish size relationships, and state the clinical significance of the following formed elements found in routine urinalysis: white blood cells renal tubule epithelial cells bacteria red blood cells transitional epithelial cells parasites (as directed) mucus squamous epithelial cells spermatozoa yeast casts (all types) ghost and glitter cells 56. Recognize from an actual specimen, simple drawing, or 35mm slide, cite pH of urine, and state the clinical significance of the following crystals found in the urine sediment. calcium oxalate ammonium biurate tyrosine triple phosphates cystine bilirubin uric acid cholesterol amorphous urates/phosphates 50. Describe the appearance, confirmatory tests for, and the clinical significance of oval fat bodies and fatty casts in the urine sediment. G. Clinical Correlation of Data Acquired Through Routine Urinalysis 51. From the following disease processes, correlate physical, chemical, and microscopic information that are "typical" for each. a. cystitis b. acute pyelonephritis c. chronic pyelonephritis d. acute glomerulonephritis e. nephrotic syndrome LEARNING ACTIVITIES: 1. Attend all lectures on Unit 3. 2. Read applicable material in Fundamentals of Urine and Body Fluid Analysis, Brunzel, W.B. Saunders 3. Observe the appropriate slide study set (http://weber.edu/clinicallab/default.html) provided by the instructor. 4. Refer to supplemental materials as directed by the instructor 5. Participate in all lab activities. LABORATORY OBJECTIVE : 1. From given normal and abnormal urine specimens, the student will be able to perform complete urinalyses to include appropriate quality control measures, technical methods, and reporting protocols.