Bioscience Terms and Concepts: A Comprehensive Glossary, Exams of Public Health

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BIO 100 BioBeyond Scientific Tools | with 100% Correct Answers | Latest Updated & Verified 2024/2025. 1. applied science - ✔✔️a️ form of science that solves real-world problems 2. atom - ✔✔️a️ basic unit of matter that cannot be broken down by normal chemical reactions 3. basic science - ✔✔️s️cience that seeks to expand knowledge regardless of the short-term application of that knowledge 4. biology - ✔✔️t️he study of living organisms and their interactions with one another and their environments 5. biosphere - ✔✔️a️ collection of all ecosystems on Earth 6. cell - ✔✔️t️he smallest fundamental unit of structure and function in living things 7. community - ✔✔️a️ set of populations inhabiting a particular area 8. control - ✔✔️a️ part of an experiment that does not change during the experiment 9. deductive reasoning - ✔✔️a️ form of logical thinking that uses a general statement to forecast specific results 10. descriptive science - ✔✔️a️ form of science that aims to observe, explore, and find things out 11. ecosystem - ✔✔️a️ll living things in a particular area together with the abiotic, nonliving parts of that environment 12. eukaryote - ✔✔️a️n organism with cells that have nuclei and membrane-bound organelles BIO 100 BioBeyond Scientific Tools | with 100% Correct Answers | Updated & Verified 13. evolution - ✔✔️t️he process of gradual change in a population that can also lead to new species arising from older species 14. falsifiable - ✔✔️a️ble to be disproven by experimental results 15. homeostasis - ✔✔️t️he ability of an organism to maintain constant internal conditions 16. hypothesis - ✔✔️a️ suggested explanation for an event, which can be tested 17. hypothesis-based science - ✔✔️a️ form of science that begins with a specific explanation that is then tested 18. inductive reasoning - ✔✔️a️ form of logical thinking that uses related observations to arrive at a general conclusion 19. life science - ✔✔️a️ field of science, such as biology, that studies living things 20. macromolecule - ✔✔️a️ large molecule typically formed by the joining of smaller molecules 21. molecule - ✔✔️a️ chemical structure consisting of at least two atoms held together by a chemical bond 22. natural science - ✔✔️a️ field of science that studies the physical world, its phenomena, and processes 23. organ - ✔✔️a️ structure formed of tissues operating together to perform a common function 24. organ system - ✔✔️t️he higher level of organization that consists of functionally related organs 25. organelle - ✔✔️a️ membrane-bound compartment or sac within a cell BIO 100 BioBeyond Scientific Tools | with 100% Correct Answers | Updated & Verified 54. chitin - ✔✔️a️ type of carbohydrate that forms the outer skeleton of arthropods, such as insects and crustaceans, and the cell walls 55. of fungi 56. Cohesion - ✔✔️t️he intermolecular forces between water molecules caused by the polar nature of water; creates surface tension 57. covalent bond - ✔✔️a️ type of strong bond between two or more of the same or different elements; forms when electrons are 58. shared between elements 59. denaturation - ✔✔️t️he loss of shape in a protein as a result of changes in temperature, pH, or exposure to chemicals 60. deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) - ✔✔️a️ double-stranded polymer of nucleotides that carries the hereditary information of the 61. cell 62. disaccharide - ✔✔️t️wo sugar monomers that are linked together by a peptide bond 63. electron - ✔✔️a️ negatively charged particle that resides outside of the nucleus in the electron orbital; lacks functional mass and 64. has a charge of -1 65. electron transfer - ✔✔️t️he movement of electrons from one element to another 66. element - ✔✔️o️ne of 118 unique substances that cannot be broken down into smaller substances and retain the characteristic of 67. that substance; each element has a specified number of protons and unique properties 68. enzyme - ✔✔️a️ catalyst in a biochemical reaction that is usually a complex or conjugated protein BIO 100 BioBeyond Scientific Tools | with 100% Correct Answers | Updated & Verified 69. evaporation - ✔✔️t️he release of water molecules from liquid water to form water vapor 70. fat - ✔✔️a️ lipid molecule composed of three fatty acids and a glycerol (triglyceride) that typically exists in a solid form at room 71. temperature 72. glycogen - ✔✔️a️ storage carbohydrate in animals 73. hormone - ✔✔️a️ chemical signaling molecule, usually a protein or steroid, secreted by an endocrine gland or group of endocrine 74. cells; acts to control or regulate specific physiological processes 75. hydrogen bond - ✔✔️a️ weak bond between partially positively charged hydrogen atoms and partially negatively charged 76. elements or molecules 77. hydrophilic - ✔✔️d️escribes a substance that dissolves in water; water-loving 78. hydrophobic - ✔✔️d️escribes a substance that does not dissolve in water; water-fearing 79. ion - ✔✔️a️n atom or compound that does not contain equal numbers of protons and electrons, and therefore has a net charge 80. ionic bond - ✔✔️a️ chemical bond that forms between ions of opposite charges 81. isotope - ✔✔️o️ne or more forms of an element that have different numbers of neutrons 82. lipids - ✔✔️a️ class of macromolecules that are nonpolar and insoluble in water 83. litmus paper - ✔✔️f️ilter paper that has been treated with a natural water-soluble dye so it can be used as a pH indicator 84. mass number - ✔✔️t️he number of protons plus neutrons in an atom BIO 100 BioBeyond Scientific Tools | with 100% Correct Answers | Updated & Verified 85. matter - ✔✔️a️nything that has mass and occupies space 86. monosaccharide - ✔✔️a️ single unit or monomer of carbohydrates 87. neutron - ✔✔️p️article with no charge that resides in the nucleus of an atom; has a mass of 1 88. nonpolar covalent bond - ✔✔️a️ type of covalent bond that forms between atoms when electrons are shared equally between 89. atoms, resulting in no regions with partial charges as in polar covalent bonds 90. nucleic acid - ✔✔️a️ biological macromolecule that carries the genetic information of a cell and carries instructions for the 91. functioning of the cell 92. nucleotide - ✔✔️a️ monomer of nucleic acids; contains a pentose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base 93. nucleus - ✔✔️(️chemistry) the dense center of an atom made up of protons and (except in the case of a hydrogen atom) neutrons 94. octet rule - ✔✔️s️tates that the outermost shell of an element with a low atomic number can hold eight electrons 95. oil - ✔✔️a️n unsaturated fat that is a liquid at room temperature 96. periodic table of elements - ✔✔️a️n organizational chart of elements, indicating the atomic number and mass number of each 97. element; also provides key information about the properties of elements 98. pH scale - ✔✔️a️ scale ranging from 0 to 14 that measures the approximate concentration of hydrogen ions of a substance BIO 100 BioBeyond Scientific Tools | with 100% Correct Answers | Updated & Verified 127. chloroplast - ✔✔️a️ plant cell organelle that carries out photosynthesis 128. cilium - ✔✔️a️ short, hair-like structure that extends from the plasma membrane in large numbers and is used to 129. move an entire cell or move substances along the outer surface of the cell 130. concentration gradient - ✔✔️a️n area of high concentration across from an area of low concentration 131. cytoplasm - ✔✔️t️he entire region between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope, consisting of organelles suspended 132. in the gel-like cytosol, the cytoskeleton, and various chemicals 133. cytoskeleton - ✔✔️t️he network of protein fibers that collectively maintains the shape of the cell, secures some organelles in 134. specific positions, allows cytoplasm and vesicles to move within the cell, and enables unicellular organisms to move 135. cytosol - ✔✔️t️he gel-like material of the cytoplasm in which cell structures are suspended 136. desmosome - ✔✔️a️ linkage between adjacent epithelial cells that forms when cadherins in the plasma membrane attach to 137. intermediate filaments 138. diffusion - ✔✔️a️ passive process of transport of low-molecular weight material down its concentration gradient 139. electrochemical gradient - ✔✔️a️ gradient produced by the combined forces of the electrical gradient and the chemical 140. gradient BIO 100 BioBeyond Scientific Tools | with 100% Correct Answers | Updated & Verified 141. endocytosis - ✔✔️a️ type of active transport that moves substances, including fluids and particles, into a cell 142. endomembrane system - ✔✔️t️he group of organelles and membranes in eukaryotic cells that work together to modify, 143. package, and transport lipids and proteins 144. endoplasmic reticulum (ER) - ✔✔️a️ series of interconnected membranous structures within eukaryotic cells that collectively 145. modify proteins and synthesize lipids 146. eukaryotic cell - ✔✔️a️ cell that has a membrane-bound nucleus and several other membrane-bound compartments or sacs 147. exocytosis - ✔✔️a️ process of passing material out of a cell 148. extracellular matrix - ✔✔️t️he material, primarily collagen, glycoproteins, and proteoglycans, secreted from animal cells that 149. holds cells together as a tissue, allows cells to communicate with each other, and provides mechanical protection and 150. anchoring for cells in the tissue 151. facilitated transport - ✔✔️a️ process by which material moves down a concentration gradient (from high to low concentration) 152. using integral membrane proteins 153. flagellum - ✔✔️t️he long, hair-like structure that extends from the plasma membrane and is used to move the 154. cell 155. fluid mosaic model - ✔✔️a️ model of the structure of the plasma membrane as a mosaic of components, including BIO 100 BioBeyond Scientific Tools | with 100% Correct Answers | Updated & Verified 156. phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and glycolipids, resulting in a fluid rather than static character 157. gap junction - ✔✔️a️ channel between two adjacent animal cells that allows ions, nutrients, and other low-molecular weight 158. substances to pass between the cells, enabling the cells to communicate 159. Golgi apparatus - ✔✔️a️ eukaryotic organelle made up of a series of stacked membranes that sorts, tags, and packages lipids 160. and proteins for distribution 161. hypertonic - ✔✔️d️escribes a solution in which extracellular fluid has higher osmolarity than the fluid inside the cell 162. hypotonic - ✔✔️d️escribes a solution in which extracellular fluid has lower osmolarity than the fluid inside the cell 163. isotonic - ✔✔️d️escribes a solution in which the extracellular fluid has the same osmolarity as the fluid inside the cell 164. lysosome - ✔✔️a️n organelle in an animal cell that functions as the cell's digestive component; it breaks down proteins, 165. polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids, and even worn-out organelles 166. microscope - ✔✔️t️he instrument that magnifies an object 167. mitochondria - ✔✔️t️he cellular organelles responsible for carrying out cellular respiration, resulting 168. in the production of ATP, the cell's main energy-carrying molecule 169. nuclear envelope - ✔✔️t️he double-membrane structure that constitutes the outermost portion of the nucleus BIO 100 BioBeyond Scientific Tools | with 100% Correct Answers | Updated & Verified