BIO 152 Exam New Latest Version Updated 2023-2024 Actual Exam Questions and Answers, Exams of Nursing

Download BIO 152 Exam New Latest Version Updated 2023-2024 Actual Exam Questions and Answers and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! BIO 152 Exam New Latest Version Updated 2023-2024 Actual Exam Questions and Answers What do anaerobic rumen bacteria do? ------- Correct Answer ------- Help animals digest cellulose What is the symbiotic relationship between N2 fixing bacteria and legumes? ------- Correct Answer ------- Bacteria provide N to plant in exchange for carbon What does mycorrhizae do fungi provide for plants in exchange for carbon? ------- Correct Answer ------- H2O natural selection: similar/diverge? increase/decrease diversity? --------- Correct Answer - -------- diverge; decrease genetic drift: similar/diverge? increase/decrease diversity? --------- Correct Answer ------- -- diverge; decrease gene flow: similar/diverge? increase/decrease diversity? --------- Correct Answer --------- similar; increase non-random mating: similar/diverge? increase/decrease diversity? --------- Correct Answer --------- diverge; decrease mutation: similar/diverge? increase/decrease diversity? --------- Correct Answer --------- diverge; increase (a little) net result of founder effect and bottleneck effect: --------- Correct Answer --------- tend to lose rare alleles selection with the same sex; individuals of one sex compete directly for mates of the opposite sex --------- Correct Answer --------- intrasexual selection "mate choice"; individuals of one sex (usually the females) are choosy in selecting their mates from the other sex --------- Correct Answer --------- intersexual selection pre-zygotic; two species that occupy different habitats within the same area may encounter each other rarely, if at all --------- Correct Answer --------- spatial barrier pre-zygotic; species that breed during different times of the day, different seasons, or different years cannot mix their gametes --------- Correct Answer --------- temporal barrier pre-zygotic; courtship rituals that attract mates and other behaviors unique to a species are effective reproductive barriers, even between closely-related species --------- Correct Answer --------- behavioral barrier pre-zygotic; mating is attempted, but morphological differences prevent its successful completion --------- Correct Answer --------- mechanic barrier pre-zygotic; sperm of one species may not be able to fertilize the eggs of another species --------- Correct Answer --------- gametic barrier post-zygotic; the genes of different parent species may interact in ways that impair the hybrid's development or survival in its environment --------- Correct Answer --------- hydrid viability post-zygotic; if the chromosomes of the two parent species differ in numbers or structure, meiosis in the hybrids may fail to produce normal gametes; since the infertile hybrids cannot produce offspring when they mate with either parent species, genes cannot flow freely between the species --------- Correct Answer --------- hybrid fertility post-zygotic; some first-generation hybrids are viable and fertile, but when they mate with one another or with either parent species, offspring of the next generation are feeble and sterile --------- Correct Answer --------- hybrid breakdown offspring that result from an interspecific mating --------- Correct Answer --------- hybrid three hybrid outcomes: --------- Correct Answer --------- reinforcement, fusion, stability Which mode of speciation is more common? --------- Correct Answer --------- allopatric in the fossil record, long periods of apparent stasis, in which a species undergoes little or no morphological change, interrupted by relatively brief periods of sudden change ---- ----- Correct Answer --------- punctuated equilibrium some species do not have a punctuated pattern; they appear to have changed gradually over time --------- Correct Answer --------- gradual speciation change in allele frequency in a population over generations --------- Correct Answer ------ --- microevolution the smallest unit of evolution --------- Correct Answer --------- population natural selection acts on...but the impact occurs in the...over time --------- Correct Answer --------- individuals; population the scientific study of the geographic distributions of species --------- Correct Answer ----- ---- biogeography a trait developed as a result of the individual's environment --------- Correct Answer ------ --- acquired trait a trait passed on from parent to offspring --------- Correct Answer --------- heritable trait ...= shared ancestry; ...= convergent evolution --------- Correct Answer --------- homology; analogy the forelimbs of all mammals show the same arrangement of bones from the shoulder to the tips of the digits, even though the appendages have different functions; this is an example of a...homology --------- Correct Answer --------- anatomical/morphological all organisms have DNA and the genetic code is universal; very different species share genes --------- Correct Answer --------- molecular homology remnants of features that served a function in the organism's ancestors --------- Correct Answer --------- vestigial structures What does the fossil record reveal about the origin of cetaceans? --------- Correct Answer --------- their lineage transferred from land to sea (they have a mammal ancestor) domain consisting of single-celled prokaryotic organisms --------- Correct Answer --------- bacteria and archaea domain containing all eukaryotes; includes 4 subgroups- Kingdom Plantae, Kingdom Fungi, Kingdom Animals, and the protists --------- Correct Answer --------- eukarya in phylogenetic trees,...represents the number of genetic changes per unit time; correlate with fossil record --------- Correct Answer --------- branch length in phylogenetic trees, each position along a branch represents a...in the lineage leading ip to the named taxon --------- Correct Answer --------- ancestor the simplest explanation consistent with the facts; fewest evolutionary events; fewest DNA base changes --------- Correct Answer --------- maximum parsimony change over large time scales --------- Correct Answer --------- macroevolution hypothesized to be the first "genetic molecule" in protocells --------- Correct Answer ------ --- self-replicating molecules Most fossils are found in...rock --------- Correct Answer --------- sedimentary Order 7 major events in geologic history: --------- Correct Answer --------- origin of the Earth; 1st prokaryotic cell; 1st anaerobic prokaryote; 1st eukaryotic cell; 1st multicellular eukaryotes; Cambrian explosion; colonization of land mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small prokaryotes living within larger host cells --------- Correct Answer --------- endosymbiont theory ...mutations increase fitness;...mutations decrease fitness --------- Correct Answer -------- - good; bad different forms of a gene --------- Correct Answer --------- allele how common or uncommon --------- Correct Answer --------- frequency genetic variation in a population is... --------- Correct Answer --------- allele variation physical appearance (expression of alleles) --------- Correct Answer --------- phenotype what alleles an organism has --------- Correct Answer --------- genotype must be present in the population before the environment to select for favorable/unfavorable --------- Correct Answer --------- heritable ...variation is within populations --------- Correct Answer --------- genetic ...variation is between populations --------- Correct Answer --------- allele formation of new alleles, altering gene number/position, rapid reproduction, and sexual reproduction are all sources of... --------- Correct Answer --------- genetic variation either/or traits --------- Correct Answer --------- discrete characters vary along continuum --------- Correct Answer --------- quantitative characters ...populations can differ genetically --------- Correct Answer --------- isolated gradual change in a character along a geographic axis --------- Correct Answer --------- cline ...is the ultimate source of new alleles --------- Correct Answer --------- mutation a single base change; rarely beneficial --------- Correct Answer --------- point mutation usually harmful, however, if effects aren't severe, can build up over generations and take on new function (important source of genetic variation) --------- Correct Answer ------ --- chromosomal rearrangements mutation rates are...in plants and animals, and...in prokaryotes and viruses --------- Correct Answer --------- slow; fast ...=repair;...=no repair --------- Correct Answer --------- DNA; RNA produces offspring with a unique combination of alleles (net shuffling of existing alleles) --------- Correct Answer --------- sexual reproduction 3 mechanisms contributing to shuffling: --------- Correct Answer --------- crossing over, independent assortment of chromosomes, fertilization 5 causes (mechanisms) of evolution: --------- Correct Answer --------- natural selection, genetic drift, migration, non-random mating, mutation describes what makes a population not evolve --------- Correct Answer --------- Hardy- Weinberg principle discrete breeding group --------- Correct Answer --------- population gene pool --------- Correct Answer --------- all the alleles for all loci in population when only 1 allele exists (all homozygous) --------- Correct Answer --------- fixed allele proportion of the alleles in the population --------- Correct Answer --------- allele frequency Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium- 5 conditions: --------- Correct Answer --------- no natural selection, no mutation, large population size (no genetic drift), no gene flow (no migration), random mating the gene pool is modified if mutations occur or if entire genes are deleted or duplicated - -------- Correct Answer --------- no mutations if individuals mate within a subset of the population, such as near neighbors or close relatives (inbreeding), random mixing of gametes does not occur and genotype frequencies change --------- Correct Answer --------- random mating allele frequencies change when individuals with different genotypes show consistent differences in their survival or reproductive success --------- Correct Answer --------- no natural selection remains/traces of organisms from the past; most are found in sedimentary rocks --------- Correct Answer --------- fossils layers of rock formed from sand and mud that settle to bottom of wet areas; provide time sequence of fossils (relative ages) --------- Correct Answer --------- strata can determine absolute ages of fossils --------- Correct Answer --------- radiometric dating radioactive isotope decay at a constant rate known as... --------- Correct Answer --------- half-life time required for half of the isotope to decay --------- Correct Answer --------- half-life indirect method infers age of fossils between two layers of rock; uses other isotopes to date rock layers above and below the fossil --------- Correct Answer --------- radiocarbon dating the fossil record is biased in favor of species that... --------- Correct Answer --------- existed for a long time, were abundant and widespread, had hard parts that could fossilize the oldest known fossils are..., rock-like structures composed of many layers of bacteria and sediment; date back to 3.5 billion years ago --------- Correct Answer --------- stromatolites most atmospheric oxygen (O2) is of...origin --------- Correct Answer --------- biological the first source of O2 was likely..., similar to modern cyanobacteria --------- Correct Answer --------- photosynthetic bacteria by ~2.7 billion years ago, O2 began accumulating in the atmosphere and... --------- Correct Answer --------- rusting iron-rich terrestrial rocks provided opportunity to gain energy from sunlight and led to adaptation of cellular aerobic respiration; allowed organisms to exploit new ecosystems; posed a challenge for existing anaerobic life --------- Correct Answer --------- oxygen revolution the oldest fossils of...cells date back...years --------- Correct Answer --------- 1.8 billion the hypothesis of...proposes that mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small prokaryotes living within larger host cells --------- Correct Answer --------- endosymbiosis an...is a cell that lives within a host cell --------- Correct Answer --------- endosymbiont evidence of...: similarities in inner membrane structures, replicate by splitting like prokaryotes (binary fission), have single, circular DNA molecule (no histones), transcribe and translate their own DNA, ribosomes are more similar to prokaryotic than eukaryotic ribosomes --------- Correct Answer --------- endosymbiosis the oldest known fossils of multicellular eukaryotes are of small algae that lived about...years ago --------- Correct Answer --------- 1.2 billion sudden appearance of fossils resembling modern phyla in the Cambrian period (535- 525 MYA); led to the diversification of animals --------- Correct Answer --------- Cambrian explosion fungi, plants, and animals began to colonize land about...years ago; they required adaptations for...and... --------- Correct Answer --------- 500 million; reproducing on land; preventing dehydration ...and...are the most widespread and diverse land animals --------- Correct Answer ------- -- arthropods; tetrapods many species go extinct at about... --------- Correct Answer --------- the same time extinction is a... --------- Correct Answer --------- disruptive environmental change major extinction that occurred 251 MYA (extreme volcanic activity) --------- Correct Answer --------- permian extinction major extinction that occurred 65.5 MYA (meteorite) --------- Correct Answer --------- pretaceous extinction impacts ecological communities, extinct evolutionary lineages gone forever, fossil records show that it takes 5-10 million years for diversity to recover --------- Correct Answer --------- consequences of mass extinctions periods of evolutionary change; many new species arise with adaptations to fill ecological roles; occur after mass extinctions; occur in groups with major evolutionary innovations and in colonizers of new regions --------- Correct Answer --------- adaptive radiations evolution is a theory about how contemporary species arose from ancestors through... -- ------- Correct Answer --------- descent with modification explanation that is broad in scope, generates new hypotheses, and is supported by a large body of evidence --------- Correct Answer --------- theory one of Darwin's influencers; a taxonomist who created the binomial system of nomenclature --------- Correct Answer --------- Carolus Linnaeus nested classification based on similarities; not describing evolutionary relationships ------ --- Correct Answer --------- binomial system of nomenclature one of Darwin's influencers; a geologist who believed that gradual mechanisms change geological features --------- Correct Answer --------- James Hutton one of Darwin's influencers; a geologist who incorporated Hutton's thinking into the principle of "uniformitarianism" --------- Correct Answer --------- Charles Lyell change is constant over time; these slow changes can build up over time --------- Correct Answer --------- uniformitarianism one of Darwin's influencers; a geologist who studied fossils in Strats; extinction; catastrophism --------- Correct Answer --------- Georges Cuvier catastrophic events lead to extinctions; new species immigrated from other areas -------- - Correct Answer --------- catastrophism one of Darwin's influencers; proposed a mechanism for how life changes; use and disuse (during lifespan of an individual organism); inheritance of acquired traits that could pass to offspring --------- Correct Answer --------- Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck one of Darwin's influencers; believed that human population growth would endanger the survival of organisms; checks on human population growth- famine, disease, etc. -------- - Correct Answer --------- Thomas Malthus The theory of evolution is...and... --------- Correct Answer --------- observable (fossil record, homologies, direct observations); testable (experimentation) the idea that related species have similar characteristics --------- Correct Answer --------- homology similar structures due to common ancestry- but may have different function --------- Correct Answer --------- anatomical homologies remnants of features that functioned in ancestor but no purpose in present organism ---- ----- Correct Answer --------- vestigial structures all organisms have DNA and the genetic code is universal; very different species share genes --------- Correct Answer --------- molecular homologies similar features NOT due to relatedness, but due to...convergent evolution --------- Correct Answer --------- analogous independent evolution of similar features in different lineages- adaptation to similar environments in different ways --------- Correct Answer --------- convergent evolution True or False: cell membranes (phospholipid bilayer) are semi-permeable ------- Correct Answer ------- True What two groups are bacteria split into? ------- Correct Answer ------- gram positive and gram negative Gram negative have a ________ cell wall. What color? ------- Correct Answer ------- thin; pink Gram positive have a ________ cell wall. What color? ------- Correct Answer ------- thick; purple (or blue) What do flagella and pili do? ------- Correct Answer ------- allow swimming and twitching motility What are pili also involved in besides motion? ------- Correct Answer ------- attachment Archaea are ? ------- Correct Answer ------- extremophiles What does extremophile mean? ------- Correct Answer ------- survives in very harsh environment Archaea have (same or different?) membranes than bacteria ------- Correct Answer ------ - Different True or false: archaea contain peptidoglycan in their cell wall. ------- Correct Answer ----- -- False Eukaryotes contain ? ------- Correct Answer ------- nucleus and organelles Plant cells contain what things that are absent in animal cells? ------- Correct Answer ---- --- cell wall and chloroplasts What does endosymbiotic theory explain? ------- Correct Answer ------- the bacterial ancestry of mitochondria and chloroplasts When did life first appear on Earth? ------- Correct Answer ------- 3.4-4.0 BYA When did eukaryotes first appear? ------- Correct Answer ------- 1.5-2.0 BYA Judging by its name, the cells of Lactococcus lactis are likely to be ____-shaped. ------- Correct Answer ------- sphere When did the Earth form? ------- Correct Answer ------- 4.5 BYA According to the endosymbiotic theory, chloroplasts evolved from ------- Correct Answer ------- Bacteria capable of oxygenic photosynthesis According to the endosymbiotic theory, mitochondria evolved from ------- Correct Answer ------- Bacteria capable of aerobic respiration According to a recently proposed new phylogenetic tree, the "major groups" of life are -- ----- Correct Answer ------- Bacteria and Archaea The typical size of a prokaryotic cell is: ------- Correct Answer ------- 1 micrometer Judging by its name, the cells of Bacillus subtilis are likely to be ____-shaped. ------- Correct Answer ------- rod Judging by its name, the cells of Spirochaeta americans are likely to be ____-shaped. -- ----- Correct Answer ------- spiral Which envelope composition is found in mitochondria? ------- Correct Answer ------- Inner membrane and outer membrane Which cell envelope composition is found in Gram positive bacteria? ------- Correct Answer ------- Plasma membrane and peptidoglycan layer Which of the following components are located in the plasma membrane of the bacterial cells? ------- Correct Answer ------- components of the electron transport chain During aerobic respiration, the production of ATP in mitochondria is driven by ------- Correct Answer ------- Proton gradient across the inner membrane The flagella of spirochetes are located ------- Correct Answer ------- Within the cell envelope Peptidoglycan consists of ------- Correct Answer ------- sugars and amino acids What protects bacterial cells from bursting due to turgor pressure? ------- Correct Answer ------- peptidoglycan layer Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own chromosomes consisting of ------- Correct Answer ------- DNA Phospholipids that make up the bacterial membrane are made from the following components: ------- Correct Answer ------- glycerol, fatty acids, a phosphate group The term "thermophile" refers to organisms that prefer which environmental conditions? ------- Correct Answer ------- high temperature What depends on energy generation from the environment? ------- Correct Answer ------- microbial growth Metabolism = ___ + ___ ------- Correct Answer ------- catabolism and anabolism What two things are the energy currency of cells? ------- Correct Answer ------- ATP and reduced coenzymes How is glucose catabolized? ------- Correct Answer ------- glycolysis and TCA What is glucose fully catabolized to in the PRESENCE of O2? ------- Correct Answer ---- --- CO2 What is glucose fermented to in the ABSENCE of O2? ------- Correct Answer ------- Ethanol/acetate Where is ATP produced with the electron transport chain in bacteria/archaea? ------- Correct Answer ------- Membrane Where is ATP produced with electron transport chain in eukaryotes? ------- Correct Answer ------- Mitochondria What does electron transport chain lead to? ------- Correct Answer ------- Proton differences across the membrane What utilizes ATPase to make ATP? ------- Correct Answer ------- PMF (proton motive force) What two things play a crucial role in the biogeochemical cycles of carbon and nitrogen? ------- Correct Answer ------- Bacteria and archaea Photosynthetic bacteria fix __________ ------- Correct Answer ------- CO2 What do archaea produce? ------- Correct Answer ------- Methane What two things are the only ones that can fix CO2? ------- Correct Answer ------- Bacteria and archaea Bacteria are social as evidenced in ________ ------- Correct Answer ------- biofilms True or false: biofilms are resistant to stresses like antibiotics ------- Correct Answer ----- -- True True or false: Bacteria can sense cell density ------- Correct Answer ------- True