Nervous System: Brain, Spinal Cord, and Autonomic Functions, Exams of Biomedicine

Download Nervous System: Brain, Spinal Cord, and Autonomic Functions and more Exams Biomedicine in PDF only on Docsity! BIO 201 EXAM 5 QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS. NAME THE TWO ANATOMICAL SUBDIVISIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. - ANS 1. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) 2. PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS) A CLUSTER OF NEURONAL CELL BODIES FOUND OUTSIDE OF THE CNS IS KNOWN AS WHAT? - ANS GANGLION A CLUSTER OF NEURONAL CELL BODIES FOUND IN THE CNS IS KNOWN AS WHAT? - ANS NUCLEUS THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD BELONG TO WHICH SYSTEM? - ANS CNS THE PNS CONSISTS OF WHAT? - ANS NERVES & GANGLIA, NOT IN CNS NAME THE TWO FUNCTIONAL DIVISIONS OF THE PNS. - ANS 1. SENSORY - AFFERENT. 2. MOTOR - EFFERENT. IF RECEPTORS ARE SIGNALING TO THE CNS, WHICH DIVISION OF THE PNS IS BEING USED? - ANS SENSORY - AFFERENT WHAT ARE EFFECTORS? - ANS ORGANS THAT CARRY OUT RESPONSE WHICH DIVISION HAS THE CNS SIGNALING EFFECTORS? - ANS MOTOR - EFFERENT THE MOTOR - EFFERENT- DIVISION CAN BE FURTHER DIVIDED INTO WHAT TWO BRANCHES? - ANS 1. VISCERAL MOTOR DIVISION. 2. SOMATIC MOTOR DIVISION. WHICH OF THE TWO SUBDIVISIONS OF THE MOTOR DIVISION, IS ALSO KNOWN AS THE "AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM"? - ANS VISCERAL MOTOR DIVISION WHAT EFFECTORS CAN BE FOUND IN THE ANS? WHAT ABOUT THE SOMATIC MOTOR DIVISION? - ANS 1. CARDIAC MUSCLE, SMOOTH MUSCLE, GLANDS. 2. SKELETAL MUSCLE. DEFINE: IPSILATERAL - ANS SAME SIDE OF BODY DEFINE: CONTRALATERAL - ANS OPPOSITE SIDE OF BODY DEFINE: DECUSSATION - ANS CROSSING OF FIBERS FROM ONE SIDE OF THE CNS, TO THE OTHER DEFINE: COMMISURE - ANS ANATOMICAL SITE WHERE FIBERS DECUSSATE P a g e 1 | 20 WHAT DOES THE FOLLOWING STATEMENT MEAN: "FIBERS TERMINATE ON THE CONTRALLATERAL SIDE BECAUSE THEY DECUSSATE AT A COMMISURE." - ANS FIBERS END ON THE OPOSITE SIDE OF THE BODY BECAUSE THEY CROSS AT A SPECIFIC SITE. DEFINE: ROSTRAL - ANS TOWARD THE FOREHEAD DEFINE: CAUDAL - ANS TOWARD THE CORD (OF THE SPINE) WHAT PARTS MAKE UP THE "BRAIN"? - ANS 1. HINDBRAIN. 2. MIDBRAIN. 3. FOREBRAIN. 4. CEREBRUM. 5. BRAINSTEM. WHAT MAKES UP THE HINDBRAIN? - ANS PONS, MEDULLA OBLONGATA, AND THE CEREBELLUM THE SUPERIOR COLLICULUS AND THE INFERIOR COLLICULUS, BELONG TO WHAT PART OF THE BRAIN? - ANS MIDBRAIN WHERE CAN YOU FIND THE HYPOTHALAMUS AND THE THALAMUS? - ANS FOREBRAIN THE CEREBRUM CONSISTS OF WHAT? - ANS BASAL GANGLIA AND THE CEREBRAL CORTEX DIENCEPHALON IS ANOTHER NAME FOR WHAT? - ANS FOREBRAIN WHAT MAKES UP THE BRAINSTEM? - ANS MIDBRAIN, PONS, MEDULLA THE BRAIN CONTAINS TWO HEMISPHERES, NAME THE DEEP DIVIDING LINE THAT SEPERATES THEM. - ANS LONGITUDINAL FISSURE THE RAISED FOLDS OR BUMPS ON THE BRAIN ARE KNWON AS WHAT? - ANS GYRUS ANOTHER NAME FOR A GROOVE IS _____. - ANS SULCUS THE SURFACE LAYER OF GRAY MATTER IS KNOWN AS WHAT? - ANS CEREBRAL CORTEX NUCLEI ARE DEEPER MASSES OF______ ____. - ANS GRAY MATTER IF NUCLEI ARE DEEPER MASSES OF GRAY MATTER, THEN WHAT MAKES UP WHITE MATTER? - ANS BUNDLES OF AXONS P a g e 2 |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a g e 5 | 20 THE CEREBELLUM CONTROLS _____. - ANS MOVEMENT CLUSTERS OF GRAY MATTER, SCATTERED THROUGHOUT PONS, MIDBRAIN, AND MEDULLA ARE KNOWN AS WHAT? - ANS HINDBRAIN ; RETICULAR FORMATION THE RETICULAR ACTIVATING SYSTEM OF THE HINDBRAIN ACTIVATES WHAT? - ANS AROUSES THE CEREBRAL CORTEX WHAT DOES THE CEREBRAL CORTEX REGULATE? - ANS IT REGULATES SLEEP, CONSCIOUS ATTENTION AND WAKEFULNESS IF THERE IS AN INJURY TO THE CEREBRAL CORTEX, WHAT WOULD BE THE RESULT? - ANS IRREVERSIBLE COMA ; INABILITY TO WAKE THE FOREBRAIN WHAT ELSE IS FOUND IN THE HINDBRAIN? - ANS 1. CARDIAC AND VASOMOTOR CENTERS. 2. ORIGIN OF ANALGESIC PATHWAYS. WHAT ARE ANALGESIC PATHWAYS? - ANS ORIGIN OF PAIN CONTROL EEG IS SHORT FOR? - ANS ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM WHAT DOES AN EEG MEASURE? - ANS IT RECORDS VOLTAGE CHANGES, FROM POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIALS IN THE CEREBRAL CORTEX. CAN STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS BE CORRELATED WITH AN EEG? - ANS YES WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE IN SLEEP AND A COMA? - ANS SLEEP- IS A TEMPORARY STATE OF UNCONSCIOUSNESS ; COMA- IS A STATE OF UNCONSCIOUSNESS, WITH NO POSSIBLE AROUSAL ____ FORMATION REGULATES THE STATE OF ALERTNESS. - ANS RETICULAR WHAT IS A CIRCADIAN RHYTHM? - ANS THE BODIES BIOLOGICAL CLOCK OF SLEEPING AND WAKING WHAT SETS A CIRCADIAN RHYTHM? - ANS THE SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS, IN THE HYPOTHALAMUS THIS PORTION OF THE BRAIN SITS ATOP THE FOURTH VENTRICLE, AND IS CONNECTED TO THE BRAINSTEM BY CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLES. WHAT PORTION IS THIS? - ANS CEREBELLUM WHAT ARE PEDUNCLES? - ANS FIBERS TRACTS P a g e 6 | 20 BALANCE, EYE MOVEMENT, TIMING/ COORDINATION OF VOLUNTARY MOVEMENT, PLANNING AND INITIATING VOLUNTARY MOVEMENT ARE ALL IMPORTANT FEATURES OF THE _______. - ANS CEREBELLUM CRANIAL NERVES III AND IV - ANS CONTROL EYE MOVEMENT THE DEGENERATION OF THIS PART OF THE BASAL GANGLIA, THAT LEADS TO TREMORS AND PARKINSONS DISEASE, IS KNOWN AS WHAT? - ANS SUBSTANTIA NIGRA THE RED NUCLEUS IS A PART OF THE _____ SYSTEM. - ANS MOTOR WHAT TWO THINGS ARE COLLECTIVELY KNOWN AS THE TECTUM? EXAMPLE: TECTOSPINAL TRACT - ANS SUPERIOR AND INFERIOR COLLICULUS WHICH COLLICULUS TRACKS MOVING OBJECTS, AND OCULAR REFLEXES? - ANS SUPERIOR COLLICULUS WHAT ARE THE REFLEXES OF THE INFERIOR COLLICULUS? - ANS AUDITORY REFLEXES THE THALAMUS RELAYS & ______ ,SENSORY INFORMATION TO THE _______ CORTEX, AND THE _____ GANGLIA. - ANS PROCESSES. CEREBRAL. BASAL. HYPOTHALAMUS MEANS? - ANS UNDER THE THALAMUS THE HYPOTHALAMUS COORDINATES THE FUNCTION OF THE _____ ______ SYSTEM. - ANS AUTONOMIC NERVOUS FOOD INTAKE, BODY TEMPERATURE, THIRST, AND URINE OUTPUT ARE ALL CONTROLLED BY THE _____. - ANS HYPOTHALAMUS THE HYPOTHALAMUS ALSO PRODUCES AND CONTROLS ______ HORMONES. - ANS PITUITARY DOES THE HYPOTHALAMUS CONTROL THE CIRCADIAN RHYTHM? - ANS YES THE SECRETION OF MELATONIN AND SEROTONIN, IS RELEASED PRIMARILY DURING DARKNESS, IN RESPONSE TO LIGHT/DARK CUES FROM THE EYES. WHAT SECRETES THESE? - ANS PINEAL GLAND THE PINEAL GLAND ENTRAINS THE BODY'S ____ RHYTHMS, WITH EXTERNAL LIGHT/ DARK CYCLES. - ANS CIRCADIAN SCATTERED DEEP BRAIN NUCLEI = ? - ANS BASAL GANGLIA P a g e 7 | 20 EMOTION IS A FEELING PLUS ______. - ANS MOTIVATION ARTIFICIAL STIMULATION, IN EITHER OF THESE TWO AREAS CAN PRODUCE FEAR, ANGER, PLEASURE, LOVE, PARENTAL AFFECTION, ETC. WHAT ARE THE TWO AREAS? - ANS 1. HYPOTHALAMUS 2. AMYGDALA HOW ARE MOST OF OUR BEHAVIORS LEARNED? - ANS BY REWARDS AND PUNISHMENTS, OR RESPONSES OF OTHERS TO OUR BEHAVIOR THE CEREBRAL CORTEX IS THE ______ LAYER OF _____ MATTER. - ANS SURFACE. GRAY. THE "NEWEST" PART, OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX ,CONSISTING OF SIX LAYERED TISSUES IS? - ANS NEOCORTEX NAME THE FOUR LOBES OF THE CEREBRUM. - ANS 1. OCCIPITAL LOBE. 2. TEMPORAL LOBE. 3. FRONTAL LOBE - ROSTRAL TO CENTRAL SULCUS. 4. PARIETAL LOBE - CAUDAL TO CENTRAL SULCUS. 5. INSULA - EMOTIONAL ASPECTS OF PAIN. WHAT IS A PRIMARY AREA? - ANS THE FIRST PART OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX TO RECEIVE, SENSORY INFORMATION AND / OR ,THE PART THAT SENDS THE MOTOR SIGNAL OUT OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX. TRUE OR FALSE: THE ASSOCIATION AREAS ARE WHERE INTEGRATION OF SENSORY AND MOTOR INFORMATION OCCURS. - ANS TRUE DOES COGNITION TAKE PLACE IN THE PRIMARY OR ASSOCIATION AREA? - ANS ASSOCIATION AREA DEFINE COGNITION: - ANS MENTAL PROCESSES SUCH AS AWARENESS, PERCEPTION, THINKING, KNOWLEDGE AND MEMORY TRUE OR FALSE: THE FUNCTION OF MOST REGIONS OF THE HUMAN BRAIN WERE DISCOVERED BY SYMPTOMS FOLLOWING STROKES,ACCIDENTS OR OTHER INJURIES. - ANS TRUE THE FAILURE TO PAY ATTENTION TO SOME THINGS, IN THE PAREITAL LOBE IS AN EXAMPLE OF WHAT KIND OF BRAIN LESION? - ANS CONTRALATERAL NEGLECT SYNDROME BRAIN LESIONS IN THE TEMPORAL LOBE CAUSE, AGNOSIA AND PROSOPAGNOSIA. WHAT ARE THE RESULTS OF THESE CONDITIONS? - ANS AGNOSIA- INABILITY TO RECOGNIZE OBJECTS. P a g e 10 | 20 PROSOPAGNOSIA- INABILITY TO RECOGNIZE FACES. PREFRONTAL LOBE LESION CREATES PROBLEMS WITH, _____ & ______ MAKING. - ANS PERSONALITY & DECISION. - INABILITY TO PLAN & EXECUTE APPROPRIATE BEHAVIOR PHINEAS GAGE, ACCIDENTALLY DESTROYED THE VENTROMEDIAL REGION, OF BOTH FRONTAL LOBES. WHAT WAS THE RESULT OF THIS? - ANS PERSONALITY CHANGE- HE BECAME AN IRREVERENT, PROFANE AND FITFUL PERSON THE PRE FRONTAL CORTEX IS ASSOCIATED WITH WHAT? - ANS 1. PLANNING. 2. MORAL JUDGEMENT. 3. EMOTIONAL CONTROL. DAMAGE TO THE PRE FRONTAL CORTEX RESULTS IN WHAT? - ANS THE INABILITY TO STOP DOING SOMETHING WHEN STARTED. THE OCCIPITAL LOBE RECEIVES VISUAL INFORMATION FROM THE RETINA. THIS IS KNOWN AS THE: - ANS PRIMARY VISUAL AREA THE PRIMARY AUDITORY ARE IS LOCATED IN THE _____ LOBE. IT RECEIVES _____ INFORMATION FROM THE ______. - ANS 1. TEMPORAL LOBE. 2. SOUND. 3. COCHLEA. THIS AREA RECEIVES TOUCH/ TEXTURE INFORMATION FROM THE SKIN. IT IS LOCATED IN THE PAREITAL LOBE OR THE _______ CENTRAL GYRUS. - ANS 1. POST CENTRAL GYRUS. 2. PRIMARY SOMATOSENSORY AREA. THE PRECENTRAL GYRUS, OR _____ LOBE, SEND MOTOR SIGNAL TO SKELETAL MUSCLES. - ANS 1. FRONTAL LOBE. 2. PRIMARY MOTOR AREA THE FOUR PRIMARY AREAS OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX ARE: - ANS 1. PRIMARY MOTOR AREAS. 2. PRIMARY SOMASTHETIC AREA. 3. PRIMARY AUDITORY AREA. 4. PRIMARY VISUAL AREA. THE SOMASTHETIC AREA IN THE PAREITAL LOBE HANDLES MAINLY THESE THREE THINGS. WHAT ARE THEY? - ANS 1. POSITION OF LIMBS. 2. LOCATION OF TOUCH OR PAIN. 3. SHAPE, WEIGHT, & TEXTURE OF AN OBJECT. P a g e 11 | 20 THE SOMETHETIC/ SOMATOSENSORY AREA IS LOCATED WHERE? - ANS THE SOMETHETIC / SOMATOSENSORY AREA IS LOCATED IN THE POSTCENTRAL GYRUS, OR PAREITAL LOBE. THE STRIP OF CEREBRAL CORTEX JUST CAUDAL TO THE CENTRAL SULCUS IN THE PAREITAL LOBE IS KNOWN AS: - ANS POSTCENTRAL GYRUS. WHY DOES THE LEFT SIDE OF THE BRAIN SENSE THE RIGHT SIDE OF THE BODY? - ANS THE LEFT SIDE OF THE BRAIN SENSES THE RIGHT SIDE OF THE BODY DUE TO DECUSSATION OF THE MEDULLA. IT IS A CONTRALATTERAL CROSSING. WHAT ARE THE FOUR ASSOCIATION AREAS OF THE CERBRAL CORTEX? - ANS 1. MOTOR ASSOCIATION. 2. SOMESTHETIC ASSOCIATION. 3. VISUAL ASSOCIATION. 4. AUDITORY ASSOCIATION. WHAT IS THE SENSORY HOMUNCULUS? - ANS THE SENSORY HOMUNCULUS IS A VISUAL REPRESENTATION OF WHICH PORTION OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX RECEIVES INFORMATION FROM EACH BODY REGION. TRUE OR FALSE: THE MORE SENSITIVE REGIONS OF THE BODY TAKE UP THE LEAST AMOUNT OF SPACE IN THE CORTEX. - ANS FALSE: THE MORE SENSITIVE REGIONS OF THE BODY TAKE UP THE MOST AMOUNT OF SPACE IN THE CORTEX. NAME TWO AREAS WITH DISPROPORTIONATELY LARGE AREAS OF CORTEX. - ANS 1. HANDS. 2. LIPS. WHERE DOES THE INTENTION TO CONTRACT A MUSCLE BEGIN? - ANS THE INTENTION TO CONTRACT A MUSCLE BEGINS IN THE MOTOR ASSOCIATION AREA OF THE FRONTAL LOBES. WHERE IS THE PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX LOCATED? - ANS THE PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX IS LOCATED IN THE PRECENTRAL GYRUS; IT IS THE STRIP OF FRONTAL LOBE JUST ROSTRAL OF THE CENTRAL SULCUS. THE PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX SUPPLIES MUSCLES OF THE CONTRALATERAL SIDE DUE TO WHAT? - ANS THE PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX SUPPLIES MUSCLES OF THE CONTRALATERAL SIDE DUE TO THE PYRAMIDAL DECUSSATION. IN OTHER WORDS THE RIGHT SIDE OF THE BRAIN CONTROLS THE LEFT SIDE OF THE BODY. WHAT DOES THE PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX DO? - ANS THE PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX 1. PROCESSES MOTOR COTROL PROGRAM. 2. SENDS SIGNALS TO MOTOR NEURONS OF THE SPINAL CORD. P a g e 12 | 20 9. GOOd = GlOssOpharyngeal - ANS provides control over swallowing 10. VAGinally = VAGus - ANS major parasympathetic motor pathway 11. ACCeSSible = ACCeSSory - ANS Provides swallowing, head, neck, and shoulder movement 12. HYmens = HYpoglossal - ANS provides tongue movements of speech, food manipulation, and swallowing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a g e 15 | 20 WHAT IS LOCOMOTION? - ANS LOCOMOTION IS REPETITIVE, COORDINATED ACTIONS OF SEVERAL MUSCLE GROUPS. EACH PAIR OF SPINAL NERVES RECEIVES SENSORY INFORMATION FROM SPECIFIC ORGANS AND REGIONS OF THE SKIN. WHAT DO EACH PAIR OF SPINAL NERVES ISSUE? - ANS EACH PAIR OF SPINAL NERVES ISSUES MOTOR SIGNALS TO SPECIFIC MUSCLES, GLANS, AND ORGANS. DERMATOMES - ANS DERMATOMES ARE A PORTION OF THE BODY INNERVATED BY A PARTICULAR SPINAL NERVE. FIBROUS LAYERS ENCLOSING THE SPINAL CORD ARE KNOWN AS WHAT? - ANS FIBROUS LAYERS ENCLOSING THE SPINAL CORD ARE KNOWN AS MENINGES. WHAT ARE THE THREE LAYERS THAT MAKE UP THE MENINGES? - ANS THE THREE LAYERS COMPOSING THE MENINGES ARE: 1. DURA MATER. 2. ARACHNOID. 3. PIA MATER. THE TOUGH COLLAGENOUS MEMBRANE SURROUNDED BY THE EPIDURAL SPACE IS KNWON AS WHAT? - ANS THE TOUGH COLLAGENOUS MEMBRANE SURROUNDED BY THE EPIDURAL SPACE IS KNOWN AS THE DURA MATER. THE DELICATE MEMBRANE ADHERING TO THE SPINAL CORD IS WHAT? - ANS THE DELICATE MEMBRANE ADHERING TO THE SPINAL CORD IS THE PIA MATER. GRAY MATTER OF THE SPINAL CORD IS MADE UP OF WHAT? - ANS GRAY MATTER OF THE SPINAL CORD IS MADE UP OF NEURON CELL BODIES WITH LITTLE MYELIN. THE CENTRAL AREA OF THE GRAY MATTER HAS A SHAPE SIMILAR TO WHAT? - ANS THE CENTRAL AREA OF THE GRAY MATTER HAS A SHAPE SIMILAR TO A BUTTERFLY. THE CENTRAL AREA OF GRAY MATTER IS SEPERATED INTO WHAT THREE HORNS? - ANS THE CENTRAL AREA OF GRAY MATTER IS SEPERATED INTO : 1. DORSAL HORN. 2. VENTRAL HORN. 3. LATERAL HORN. WHITE MATTER SURROUNDS THE GRAY MATTER AND CONTAINS WHAT? - ANS WHITE MATTER SURROUNDS GRAY MATTER AND CONTAINS MYLENATED AXONS. THE CENTRAL CANAL CONTAINS WHAT? - ANS THE CENTRAL CANAL CONTAINS CEREBROSPINAL FLUID. P a g e 16 | 20 THIS HORN IS ALL ABOUT INCOMING SENSATION. IT IS WHERE AFFERENT NEURONS TERMINATE. - ANS DORSAL HORNS WHAT IS THE DORSAL ROOT OF THE SPINAL CORD? - ANS THE DORSAL ROOT OF THE SPINAL CORD IS AXONS OF SENSORY FIBERS. VENTRAL HORNS ARE CELLS OF EFFERENT SOMATIC MOTOR FIBERS. WHAT DOES THIS MEAN? - ANS IT MEANS THAT VENTRAL HORNS ARE CONTRACTING MUSCLES; SPECIFICALLY VOLUNTARY MUSCLES. THE VENTRAL ROOT OF SPINAL NERVE IS: - ANS THE VENTRAL ROOT OF SPINAL NERVE IS AXONS OF MOTOR FIBERS VISCERA, CARDIAC, SMOOTH CELLS OF EFFERENT AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM FIBERS. - ANS VENTRAL HORNS WHAT IS THE WHITE COLUMN IN THE SPINAL WHITE MATTER? - ANS THE WHITE COLUMN IS BUNDLES OF MYELINATED AXONS THAT CARRY SIGNALS.SOME ARE ASCENDING WHILE OTHERS ARE DESCENDING. DORSAL COLUMNS HAVE AN ASCENDING PATHWAY. WHAT DOES IT CARRY UP TO THE BRAIN? - ANS ASCENDING PATHWAYS CARRY TOUCH, VIBRATION, TEXTURE, AND SOME PROPIOCEPTION. NEURON IN _______ CARRIES SIGNAL TO _____ SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX. - ANS NEURON IN, THALAMUS, CARRIES SIGNAL TO, PRIMARY, SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX. AN ASCENDING PATHWAY CARRYING PAIN, PRESSURE, TEMPERATURE, TICKLE AND ITCH IS KNOWN AS WHAT? - ANS AN ASCENDING PATHWAY CARRYING PAIN, PRESSURE, TEMPERATURE, TICKLE AND ITCH IS KNOWN AS THE SPINOTHALAMIC TRACT. WHERE DOES THE DUCUSSATION OCCUR FOR THE SPINOTHALAMIC TRACT? - ANS THE DECUSSATION OCCURS IN THE SPINAL CORD; AT OR NEAR WHERE IT ENTERED THE CORD. AN ASCENDING PATHWAY CARRYING PROPIOCEPTIVE SIGNALS FROM LIMBS AND TRUNK UP TO THE CEREBELLUM IS? - ANS AN ASCENDING PATHWAY CARRYING PROPIOCEPTIVE SIGNALS FROM LIMBS AND TRUNK UP TO THE CEREBELLUM IS THE SPINOCEREBELLAR TRACT. TRUE OR FALSE: INFORMATION FROM THE RIGHT SIDE OF THE ELBOW GOES TO THE LEFT SIDE OF THE CEREBELLUM. - ANS FALSE: INFORMATION FROM THE RIGHT SIDE OF THE ELBOW GOES TO THE RIGHT SIDE OF THE CEREBELLUM BECAUSE THE SPINOCEREBELLAR TRACT IS UNCROSSED. P a g e 17 | 20