Neuroendocrinology: Hormones, Nervous System, and the Central Nervous System, Exams of Biology

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Bio 251 Exam 2 WSU with correct verified answers 2024 Which of the following is part of the autonomic nervous system? - ANS>> parasympathetic and sympathetic The part of the brain that is the critical link between the nervous and endocrine systems is... - ANS>> The hypothalamus The cerebellum is involved in - ANS>> coordination of voluntary muscle activity Which of the following is most involved in generating emotions? - ANS>> Limbic System Tight junctions between capillary endothelial cells in the central nervous system create the bloodbrain barrier, thereby restricting the ________ molecules into the brain. - ANS>> Diffusion of hydrophilic Which of the following statements about simple spinal reflexes is true? - ANS>> More than one efferent neuron can be activated as part of the reflex Information from chemoreceptors on your tongue is sent to the CNS via - ANS>> A sensory afferent Fast adapting (also called phasic) receptors show... - ANS>> a decline in membrane potential as a stimulus continues Which of the following is the best description of sweet taste bud receptor function? a) Membrane receptors on sweet taste buds bind glucose or other sugars, which initiates a G protein system, which ultimately causes K+ channels to close, which thereby hyperpolarizes the membrane. b) Membrane receptors on sweet taste buds bind glucose or other sugars, which closes the K+ channels, which ultimately initiates a G protein system, which thereby depolarizes the membrane. c) Membrane receptors on sweet taste buds bind glucose or other sugars, which initiates a G protein system, which ultimately causes K+ channels to close, which thereby depolarizes the membrane. d) Membrane receptors on sweet taste buds bind acids (H+ 2 [Date] Page | 2 ), which initiates a G protein system, which ultimately causes K+ channels to close, which thereby depolarizes the membrane. e) Membrane receptors on sweet taste buds bind glucose or other sugars, which hyp - ANS>> c) Membrane receptors on sweet taste buds bind glucose or other sugars, which initiates a G protein system, which ultimately causes K+ channels to close, which thereby depolarizes the membrane. When an olfactory receptor binds a chemical, it causes _____ to _____ the receptor. This creates a(n) __________ in the receptor membrane. - ANS>> Na+ and Ca++; enter; graded potential Parasympathetic preganglionic neurons release the neurotransmitter ________; sympathetic preganglionic neurons release the neurotransmitter ________. - ANS>> acetylcholine : acetylcholine The preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system emerge from the ________ of the spinal cord - ANS>> thoracic and lumbar regions . During a fight or flight response, ________ receptors in blood vessels leading to the GI tract bind primarily _____ which causes the blood vessels to _________. - ANS>> Alpha; norepinephrine; constrict During a fight or flight response, ________ receptors in blood vessels leading to the heart bind primarily _____ which causes the blood vessels to _________. - ANS>> Beta-2; epi; dilate Which of the following events in the human female sexual cycle are NOT caused by the parasympathetic nervous system? - ANS>> Rhythmic contraction of pelvic muscles at 0.8 second intervals When acetylcholine binds to the motor end plate it causes a net movement of _______ into the muscle cell by the process of _________ which results in a ___________ potential in the motor end plate - ANS>> Na+; diffusion; graded Endocrine glands are composed of what primary tissue? - ANS>> Epithelial Which of the following statements are true? 5 [Date] Page | 5 A person has a tumor in the anterior pituitary causing a decrease in ACTH secretion. Which of the following correctly describes changes in plasma levels of hormones? - ANS>> increased CRH, decreased ACTH, and decreased cortisol The ___________ causes vasocongestion in the penis; the __________ causes emission of semen and the _______ causes expulsion of the semen. - ANS>> Parasympathetic; sympathetic; sympathetic Lipophilic hormones are transported in blood ________ and bind to receptors located ________. - ANS>> bound to carrier proteins : inside the target cell Converting stimulus energy to an action potential is called - ANS>> Transduction The part of the brain most involved in controlling the respiratory system is - ANS>> The brain stem A person who suffers hypothyroidism probably has - ANS>> Poor cold tolerance and Slow speech and poor memory Where in the central nervous system do the preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system originate - ANS>> sacral region of the spinal cord Which of the following statements about the female sexual cycle is FALSE? a) It is controlled primarily by a spinal cord reflex b) The parasympathetic nervous system causes lubrication of the vagina c) The sympathetic nervous system causes vasodilatation of the vagina and clitoris d) Both a and b are false e) Both b and c are false - ANS>> c) The sympathetic nervous system causes vasodilatation of the vagina and clitoris The receptors in a sour taste bud bind _____ which block ______ channels. This depolarizes the membrane because __________ - ANS>> H+; K+; positive ions continue to leak into the cell but ar prevented from leaking out A portion of the ____, which must monitor the blood, is not subject to the blood brain barrier - ANS>> Hypothalamus Which endocrine gland is innervated by sympathetic preganglionic neurons? - ANS>> Adrenal medulla Which structure of the brain further manipulates missing visual data to complete the picture of "reality", as occurs with optical illusions? - ANS>> Cerebral Cortex The function of a second messenger system is to ________. - ANS>> amplify the response of the first messenger 6 [Date] Page | 6 The type of neuron(s) with axon terminals in the central nervous system is (are) - ANS>> Afferent neurons and Interneurons Hormone secreted by the growing follicle in females - ANS>> Estrogen When a single hydrophilic hormone reaches a target cell, it can - ANS>> Bind a receptor on the cell surface and activates a second messenger system in the cell and Open or close ion channels and thereby alter the membrane potential of the cell A person with Grave's Disease has - ANS>> High levels of T3 and T4 A person has a tumor in the hypothalamus causing an excess in TRH secretion. Which of the following correctly describes changes in plasma levels of hormones? - ANS>> increased TRH, increased TSH, and increased thyroid hormones The steps of synaptic transmission at the motor end plate are listed below, out of order. Choose the correct order. 1. Acetylcholine binds to postsynaptic receptors. 2. Acetylcholine is released. 3. A graded depolarization is produced. 4. An action potential is produced on the muscle cell membrane. 5. Channels for both sodium and potassium are opened. 6. Voltage-gated calcium channels on the plasma membrane open. 7. An action potential arrives at the axon terminal. - ANS>> 7621534 The release of ________ from the pineal gland is important for establishing ________. - ANS>> melatonin : circadian rhythm The sympathetic nervous system is part of the - ANS>> Efferent division and Autonomic nervous system When you drink coffee, caffeine molecules bind to bitter recpetors on taste buds, which reduces ____ leaking _____ the receptor cell, which depolarizes the membrane and causes ____ channels to open - ANS>> K+; out of; Ca++ The significance of the information in Fig 1 is - ANS>> The stronger the stimulus, the stronger the receptor potential. The stronger the stimulus, the more action potentials will be produced Birth control pills contain - ANS>> Estrogen and Progesterone Steroid hormones are... - ANS>> Produced by the gonads Which of the following would you expect to be controlled by the endocrine system? - ANS>> Regulation of growth in teenagers and Regulation of metabolic rate in adults 7 [Date] Page | 7 Which of the following are afferent receptors found in the human body? - ANS>> Photoreceptor and Nociceptor Place the following events of emission and expulsion in the male sexual cycle in the correct order: 1. Pressure inside penis increased 2. Sperm and semen leave testis 3. Sympathetic causes muscle at base of penis contract at 0.8 second intervals 4. Sympathetic causes muscles in penis and scrotum to contract 5. Sperm and semen forcibly expelled from penis 6. Urethra fills with sperm and semen - ANS>> 4-2-6-3-1-5 Which of the following physiological responses are associated with an elevation in parasympathetic nervous system activity? - ANS>> enhanced absorption of nutrients The part of the brain most involved in regulating homeostasis is... - ANS>> The hypothalamus Brain cells make ATP only from... - ANS>> glucose in the presence of oxygen The blood brain barrier... - ANS>> shields the brain from changes in blood composition and functionally depends on tight junctions in brain capillaries Which of the following neurons of the efferent branch of the peripheral nervous system does NOT release acetylcholine? - ANS>> sympathetic postganglionic neuron The brain stem... - ANS>> controls the cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive systems and is the critical connecting link between brain and spinal cord Hormone 2b negatively feedsback on - ANS>> The hypothalamus and the pituitary Caffeine blocks ______ receptors in brain neurons so you don't feel sleepy - ANS>> adenosine During birth, what stimulates contractions? - ANS>> Oxytocin ______ can cross the blood brain barrier by moving through ______. - ANS>> small non-polar molecules; capillary membranes Unlike males, female humans can have multiple orgasms because - ANS>> there is no prolactin release after orgasm Information about blood pressure is sent to the CNS via - ANS>> A visceral afferent When an afferent receptor that is a separate cell receives a stimulus, ____ enters the cell - ANS>> Ca++