Anatomy of the Nervous System: Functions and Reflexes, Exams of Nursing

Download Anatomy of the Nervous System: Functions and Reflexes and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! 1 | P a g e BIO 252 EXAM 2 WITH ACTUAL CORRECT QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED DETAILED ANSWERS BY EXPERTS | FREQUENTLY TESTED QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS | ALREADY GRADED A+ |LATEST UPDATE 2024 | GUARANTEED PASS Olfactory Nerve: -smell -sensory Optic Nerve: -vision -sensory Oculomotor Nerve: -Eye movements -opening of eyelid -pupillary constriction -focusing -Predominantly motor 2 | P a g e Trochlear Nerve: Eye movement -Predominantly motor Trigeminal Nerve: Ophthalmic division(V1): -Touch, temperature, and pain sensations from upper face (sensory) Maxillary division(V2): -Same as V1, lower on face(sensory) Mandibular division(V3): Sensory: Same as V1 and V2, lower on face Motor: Mastication Abducens Nerve: -Lateral eye movement -Predominantly motor Facial Nerve: Sensory: Taste Motor: -Facial expression -secretion of tears, saliva, nasal and oral mucus Vestibulocochlear Nerve: -Hearing and equilibrium -Predominantly sensory 5 | P a g e -Spatial perception -Language processing -Numerical awareness frontal lobe function -Abstract thought -Explicit memory -Mood -Motivation -Foresight and planning -Decision making -Emotional control -Social judgment -Voluntary motor control -Speech production temporal lobe function -Hearing -Smell -Emotion -Learning -Language comprehension -Memory consolidation -Verbal memory -Visual and auditory memory -Language 6 | P a g e central nervous system brain and spinal cord peripheral nervous system -Entire nervous system except the brain and spinal cord -composed of nerves and ganglia Describe the control of the autonomic nervous system (include its effectors) -involuntary control -regulates heart rate, blood pressure, body temp -"homeostasis" and the "flight-or-fight" -effectors: cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands Divisions: -Sympathetic -Parasympathetic sympathetic nervous system -Prepares body for physical activity: exercise, trauma, arousal, competition, anger, or fear; "fight-or- flight -Increases heart rate, BP, airflow, blood glucose levels, etc -reduces blood flow to the skin and digestive tract parasympathetic nervous system -Tends to have calming effect -Slows heart rate and breathing -Stimulates digestive and urinary systems -"resting and digesting" state reflex arc components -somatic receptors: in the skin, muscles, and tendons -afferent nerve fibers: carry information from these receptors to the posterior horn of the spinal cord or to the brainstem -integrating center: a point of synaptic contact between neurons in the gray matter of the cord or brainstem -efferent nerve fibers: carry motor impulses to the muscles -effectors: the muscles that carry out the response Reticulospinal pathway -Originate in reticular formation of brainstem -control muscles of upper and lower limbs -posture and balance 7 | P a g e -descending pathways -reduce the transmission of pain signals to brain Spinocerebellar pathway -Carry proprioceptive signals from limbs and trunk up to the cerebellum -ascending Dorsal column-Medial lemniscal pathways -Transmit input to somatosensory cortex for discriminative touch and vibrations -ascending Spinothalamic pathway Transmit pain, temperature, coarse tough and pressure impulses within lateral spinothalamic tract -ascending Rubrospinal pathway -originates from nerve cells in red nucleus -nerve fibers/axon cross midline and descend as rubrospinal tract Be able to label figure 14.2b: Ventricles and Cerebrospinal Fluid Cross Section of the spinal Cord(be able to label Figure 13.3) Central area of gray matter shaped like a butterfly and surrounded by white matter in three funiculi Cranial Nerve Pathways- Figure recommendation 14.40 -olfactory nerve -optic nerve -oculomotor nerve -trochlear nerve -trigeminal nerve -abducens nerve -facial nerve -vestibulocochlear nerve 10 | P a g e microglial cells function Phagocytize and destroy microorganisms, foreign matter, and dead nervous tissue Astrocytes function -Cover brain surface and nonsynaptic regions of neurons -form supportive framework in CNS -induce formation of blood-brain barrier -nourish neurons -produce growth factors that stimulate neurons -promote the formation of synapses and neural circuitry -communicate electrically with neurons and may influence synaptic signaling -form scar tissue to replace damaged nervous tissue Schwann cells function -Form neurilemma around all PNS nerve fibers and myelin around most of them -aid in regeneration of damaged nerve fibers ependymal cells function -Line cavities of brain and spinal cord -secrete and circulate cerebrospinal fluid Wernicke area function -recognition of spoken and written language -formulates phrases and transmits plan of speech to Broca area List and describe the functions of the hypothalamus -major control center of the endocrine and autonomic nervous systems -plays an essential role in the homeostatic regulation of nearly all organs of the body -Hormone secretion -Autonomic effects -Thermoregulation -Food and water intake -Sleep and circadian rhythms -Memory -Emotional behavior and sexual response -produces orexins: neuropeptides that stimulate wakefulness posterior (dorsal) horns of the spinal cord -Receives sensory input information and also receives input that is involved in the coordination of reflexes -receives sensory nerve fibers from the spinal nerves, which usually synapse with networks of interneurons in the horn Dopamine 11 | P a g e -elevation of mood and control of skeletal muscles Acetylcholine -excites skeletal muscle -inhibits cardiac muscle -has excitatory or inhibitory effects on smooth muscle and glands depending on location -secreted by all preganglionic neurons Norepinephrine -involved dreaming, waking, and mood -excites cardiac muscle -can excite or inhibit smooth muscle and glands depending on location Epinephrine -involved in dreaming, waking, and mood -excites cardiac muscle -can excite or inhibit smooth muscle and glands depending on location Meninges three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord What is the order of the spinal and brain coverings from superficial to innermost? Dura mater Arachnoid mater Pia mater Underneath the arachnoid is a space known as the Subarachnoid space that is filled with CSF. Dura mater in the brain is ______than in the spinal cord Thicker functions of spinal cord conduction, neural integration, locomotion, reflexes Cervical Nerves (C1-C8) Thoracic Nerves (T1-T12) 12 | P a g e Lumbar Nerves (L1-L5) Sacral Nerves (S1-S5) How many pairs of nerves are the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, coccygeal, and sacral? cervical-8 thoracic-12 lumbar-5 sacral-5 coccygeal-1 medullary cone (conus medullaris) tapered tip of cord where the spinal cord ends cauda equina (horse's tail) roots of nerves that extend from the end of the spinal cord 15 | P a g e contains cell bodies of sensory neurons connects spinal cord and spinal nerves Posterior root carry sensory information TO the spinal cord Anterior root carries motor information AWAY to the effector Ascending tracts carry ______ Sensory information Upward Descending tracts carry ______ Motor information downward Descussation crossing over in the brain of tracts so that the brain senses and controls contralateral side of body Contralateral opposite side Ipsilateral same side gracile fasciculus Tract Carries signals from lower limbs and lower trunk of vibrations, visceral pain, deep touch, and proprioception (sense of position). cuneate fasciculus tract Contains first order neurons Signals from upper limb and chest Same signals as Gracile Fasciculus spinothalamic tract (lateral) ascending tract Carries signals for pain, temperature (Spine to brain). spinothalamic tract (anterior) Ascending tract sensory tract for crude touch, tickle, itch, and pressure (Spine to brain) dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway Ascending tract fine touch, 2-point discrimination Spinotectal tract (Ascending tract) 16 | P a g e startle reflex, visual reflex Anterior & posterior spinocerebellar (Ascending tract) unconscious kinesthesia (Spine to cerebellum) Lateral corticospinal tract** (Descending tract) Carry signal from cerebral cortex for precise coordinated movements. (Voluntary movements) anterior cortispinal tract (Descending tract) ipsilateral voluntary movements lateral and anterior corticospinal tracts are _____ tracts _________ Direct Tract, Motor pathways that originate in the cerebrum. What are the 4 indirect pathways descending tracts? reticulospinal, rubrospinal, tectospinal, vestibular spinal reticulospinal tract (Descending) maintain posture rubrospinal tract (descending) coordinate body movement & Posture tectospinal tract (Descending) head & neck movement in response to startle reflex (visual reflexes) vestibulospinal tract (descending) coordiante posture & balance When referencing indirect pathways, its originating in the _______? the brain stem and going out the spine. When referencing direct pathways starting in the cerebrum of the cortical tract, its originating in the _______? Brain funiculi (columns) are? 3 pairs of white matter bundles Posterior (dorsal) Lateral Anterior (ventral) 17 | P a g e Mixed nerves contain both sensory and motor fibers What is a ganglion? Bulb shape cluster of neuron soma outside the CNS posterior root ganglion is associated with __________? Spinal nerves Cervical plexus in the neck C1-C5, supplies ________? Neck, skin & muscles of head, superior portion of chest, and phrenic nerves to the diaphragm What notable nerve is in the cervical plexus? Phrenic nerve Brachial Plexus (C5-T1) supplies______? upper limb and some shoulder and neck. What nerves are in the brachial plexus? Radial, median, and ulnar Lumbar Plexus (L1-L4) supplies____? abdominal wall, thigh, and genitalia What nerves are in the lumbar plexus? femoral and obturator Sacral Plexus (L4-S4) & S1-S4 supplies ____? thigh, buttocks, lower trunk and lower limbs what nerves are in the sacral plexus? 20 | P a g e withdrawal reflex cross-extensor reflex Blood brain barrier is created by tight junctions between _________ Astrocytes effectors of autonomic nervous system cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands effectors of somatic nervous system skeletal muscles Functions of the brain motor control, sensation, emotion, and thought Gyri are Thick puffy folds in the brain sulci are the grooves in the brain corpus callosum A thick band of axons that connects the two cerebral hemispheres and acts as a communication link between them. Three major portions of the brain 21 | P a g e 1. cerebrum (Largerst part)- Gyri and sulci are landmarks here 2. cerebellum ( 2nd largest part)- located in posterior cranial fossa 3. brainstem The brainstem contains the _________ diencephalon, midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata The brain is protected by the ______ cranial bones, spinal meninges, cerebrospinal fluid grey matter contains synapses, cell bodies and dendrites White matter contains bundles of axons and white color from myelin In each ventricle of the brain, there are choroid plexuses that produce_____ CSF ependyma Line the ventricle, help modify and filtrate the CSF Pathway of CSF Secrete lateral ventrical through intervertebral foramina into third ventrical down the cerebral aqueduct into the fourth ventrical third and fourth ventrical add more CSF along the way since it contains choroid plexus Functions of CSF buoyancy, protection, chemical stability the blood brain barrier of the brain Selectively permeable, regulating what substance can get from the blood to the brain tissue. A lot of drugs are unable to penetrate this barrier. The medulla oblongata contains _________ tracts Corticospinal The Medulla is continuous with the superior portion of the spinal cord and contains____ and is the location of ________ motor and sensory tracts Location of pyramidal descussation The medulla controls: 22 | P a g e Breathing, swelling, vomiting, sneezing and coughing The medulla is associated with cranial nerves of VIII-XII all ascending and descending fibers connecting brain and spinal cord pass through the ________ Medulla oblongata The pons contain sensory roles of hearing, taste, equilibrium, facial sensation Motor senses of the pons are eye movement, facial expression, chewing, swallowing, urination, and secretion of saliva and tears. Pons relays with_____to coordinate skeletal muscle movements Cerebellum, helps control breathing and equilibrium. The pons is associated with cranial nerves V-VIII The pons is the connection between the ______ and the ________ Brainstem, cerebellum The midbrain connects the pons to the______ and contains both sensory and motor pathways. diencephalon The midbrain coordinates the Head, eyes, and neck in response to visual and auditory stimuli. Midbrain contains the ______ superior colliculi and substancia niagra Substancia niagra Jump scare superior colliculi (midbrain) visual reflexes inferior colliculi (midbrain) auditory reflexes Retiucular formation