Download Bio Final Study Guide - Principles of Biology | BIOL 1105 and more Study notes Biology in PDF only on Docsity! Bio Final Exam Review 12/08/2010 What do I need to know for the test? 80 questions, 4 or 5 related to the major topics of each chapter TAKE THE MOCK FINAL!!!!!! Basic Cell Chemistry: Types of bonds Half life of C14 o Half life of about 5600 years Osmosis o Diffusion of water: based on membrane and concentration gradient o Water will want to go where there is less of it, low concentration Tonicity o Hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic solutions o Kidneys are trying to maintain isotonicity, and plants are trying to maintain turdicity Macroelements o C, H, O, P, K, I, N, S, Ca, Fe Mg o Those elements found in the greatest amount in our bodies o LOOK AT MACROELEMENTS TABLE Nutrient groups (proteins, carbs, etc) TABLE 2.1 Chemistry of Water o Remember basic chem of water o Polar covalent bonds: unequal share of electrons, oxygen takes the electrons o Hydrogen bonds: give rise to the properties of water o Table 2.3 o Water is an excellent solvent o Most dense at 4 C, least dense when o When hydrogen bonds form, heat is released Basic Enzyme Functions, Metabolic feedbacks Enzymes Lower Activation energy, speed up reactions Enzymes have active and allosteric sites , cofactors Competitive and Noncompetitive inhibition Metabolic feedback, Reaction chain Chapter 6 Meiosis and mitosis Basic and distinguishing features of mitosis and cell cycle checkpoints o Exact replicas o No genetic recombination o Mistakes can be repaired, DNA polymerase II can do this Basic and distinguishing features of meiosis o Genetic recombination Independent assortment during metaphases I o Phenotypic ratios among offspring are different, depending on the genotype of the unknown parent Recessive trait expression Sex-linked traits o Form of hemophilia caused by an X linked recessive allele o Heterozygous females are asymptomatic carriers o Nondisjunction o Calico cat DNA structure, RNA, genetic code Chagroff’s rule 3 DNA polymerases I (pol I) o Acts on lagging strand to remove primers and replace them w/ DNA Pol II o Pol III Transcription and translation Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote transcription o Pro is more simple, coupled transcription and translation o Pro has no introns and cant splice them out, must have the exact exons inserted in order for them to express the right thing o Alternative splicing = eukaryotes o Poly A tail mRNA processing Endomembrane system Retroviruses Coontrol of gene expression: Chromosomal, transcriptional and post transcriptional Transcriptional control: lac operon, and tyoperon Control of gene through transcription factors (ex. Of induced pluripotency) Gene expression can be controlled after transcritption w/ o Small RNAs miRNA- compliemtary to mRNA DNA technology Bacteriphages Restriction endonucleases Recombinant DNA Vectors and hosts cDNA Sequencing Hybridization and probing Polymerase chain reaction Restriction fragment length polymorphisms 2 Aprroaches to whole genome sequencing o Clone by Clone o Shotgun Sequencing Southern blotting PCR 12/08/2010
