Behavioral Evolution and Pathogens: Selfishness, Altruism, and Adaptations, Quizzes of Biology

Download Behavioral Evolution and Pathogens: Selfishness, Altruism, and Adaptations and more Quizzes Biology in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 Selfishness DEFINITION 1 behavior that benefits you or your relatives while having a positive or negative effect on one of "them." TERM 2 Altruism DEFINITION 2 behavior that typically costs your biological fitness because doing something for someone else has no physical gain for you. EX: When you allow someone with only one item to pass you in line. ***Rare in nature!! ****Normally occurs when the cost is small, loaning someone a quarter as opposed to $20. TERM 3 Reciprocal Altruism DEFINITION 3 3rd selfish that also benefits you (cooperation/mutualism). However it might take awhile before you actually receive that benefit. EX: a gorilla eats so many bananas he's full so when another gorilla comes along you give him some of your bananas in hopes that he might do the same for you in the future. TERM 4 Mutualism/Cooperation DEFINITION 4 behavior that benefits both parties. EX: Relationship b/w cleaner fish and grouper...instead of eating cleaner fish, grouper allows it to swim into its mouth to eat the leftover food particles and food in his mouth. Therefore, both benefit! TERM 5 Spite DEFINITION 5 rarest of all behaviors...genes disappear quickly and humans are most likely to exhibit it. Animals that exhibit spite are usually cats or dogs, due to human behaviors. It is very rare for animals. EX: Kid in class wouldn't let peer play his nintendo and so his peer told on him and his mom made him share it. Out of SPITE, next time they were outside together he stuck fire ants down his shirt. TERM 6 Infanticide DEFINITION 6 killing of babies; misunderstood in the past. EX: African lion cubs...tons of mothers and few males. Males make a small pack of cubs and when a new male comes in it kills all the babies in the pack so the mother no longer has to worry about the cubs and can mate with them. Was thought to be spiteful but now realize it is selfish. TERM 7 The Bruce Effect DEFINITION 7 form of pregnancy disruption in mammals where exposure of a female to an unknown male results in pre or post implantation failure. Overall says..some level of exposure to strange males disrupts normal pregnancy for female rodents. **Also be described as manipulation of pregnancy by pheromones. TERM 8 Siblicide DEFINITION 8 when a brother or sister is killed by his/her siblings. EX: Eagles lay 2 eggs in case one goes wrong so when first egg his hatched healthy it knocks the second egg out of the nest so it can have more food. Hyenas...females are leaders. When there are 2 females in a pack, one will eventually kill the other to become the next pact leader. **Selfish! TERM 9 Extra-Pair Copulations DEFINITION 9 (EPC) which means that species sneak around and mate with others in their area. EX: Red-winged blackbird...male has highest testosterone was castrated to lower it bUt the females in the main males territory all ended up hatching eggs in it proving this. **Selfish behavior through EPC and sperm competition because they do it to guarantee their eggs get fertilized. TERM 10 Speciation DEFINITION 10 species evolving from other species. Same as Macro Evolution. **2 main forms....allopatric Speciation and sympatric Speciation. TERM 21 Gamete Incompatibility DEFINITION 21 occurs when two different species end up mating together however the sperm and the egg differ so much that they do not fuse. TERM 22 Post Zygotic Isolation DEFINITION 22 5 differ kinds... -hybrid inviability -hybrid infertility -gametic inviability -zygotic inviability -embryonic inviability TERM 23 Hybrid infertility DEFINITION 23 occurs when zebras and horses or donkeys and horses mate... Their gametes do from a zygote and ultimately produce an offspring however the offspring will be sterile. EX: Mule: half horse, half donkey TERM 24 Gametic, Zygotic, and Embryonic Inviability DEFINITION 24 Gametic: occurs when the gametes successfully combine, but immediatly die before any cell division can occur Zygotic: the zygote is allowed to form, but quickly dies Embryonic: spontaneous abortion of the hybrid fetus TERM 25 Evolutionary Arms Race DEFINITION 25 a race w no end...usually seen as predator vs prey OR host vs pathogen. host: organism that is being preyed upon pathogen: consumes the host TERM 26 Virulence DEFINITION 26 percentage of ppl expose to the pathogen that will die from it or the relative ability of a microorganism to cause the disease. Evolutionary medicine can shape it! EX: ebola virus has highest virulence w about 80% of pop infected will die. Rabies have high virulence. TERM 27 Is the condition a symptom of the illness or the body's adaptation? DEFINITION 27 body's adaptation....fever, vomiting, diarhea, sneezing, coughing,anemia, and morning sickness are all some. It's the body's way of damaging a pathogen's cell to prevent the damage of human cells. TERM 28 Antibiotics DEFINITION 28 only 1/3 of all given out are given for a good reason! When taking them, the antibiotic kills the least resistance bacteria first, if you don't take all the antibiotics the more resistant bacteria will survive and then reproduce and grow stronger as a population. TERM 29 Corridors and Pathogens influence... DEFINITION 29 virulence! Corridors help influence virulence of a pathogen AKA causes higher percentage of ppl exposed. If a pathogen has a corridor it will be more virulent. TERM 30 Barriers reduce... DEFINITION 30 virulence! They can be in the form of vaccines, washing hands, hand sanitizer, ect. *If a pathogen has a barrier it evolves to be less virulent. TERM 31 What are HIV's three barriers? DEFINITION 31 -abstinence -condoms -clean needles TERM 32 As humans, we have the ability to prevent disease from evolving. How so? DEFINITION 32 if a host dies, the parasite also dies; same is true for pathogens. Exercise, eating properly, washing hands, and getting sleep will help prevent illnesses. TERM 33 Fever is the body's way of... DEFINITION 33 "cooking" pathogens by heating them. BUT severe fever is a cost to you! TERM 34 Iron is considered a... DEFINITION 34 limited substance; it feeds and aids the growth of bacteria and algae!! 80% of physicians mistakenly prescribe iron supplements w a blood bacterial infection. *Varying levels of iron are present in the bod. TERM 35 Octopus Eye vs. Vertebrae Eye DEFINITION 35 Octopus: has a retina that is strongly attached to the back side of the eye, and rods and cones protrude off the retina. Vertebrae: retina is loosely attached to the backside of the eye, and rods and cones are behind retina. **The combo, causes us to have a blind spot and makes our retina easier to be detached which causes further probs.