BIOD 152 AP Mod 6 questions and answers : The Female Reproductive System SUMMER 2024, Quizzes of Biology

Download BIOD 152 AP Mod 6 questions and answers : The Female Reproductive System SUMMER 2024 and more Quizzes Biology in PDF only on Docsity! The Female Reproductive System 1. The female reproductive system includes what internal organs? Internal organs: the ovaries, the oviducts (fallopian or uterine tubes), the uterus, and the vagina. 2. What is ovulation? How often does it occur? The release of a mature egg; occurs approximately every 28 days. 3. What is the ovarian cycle? An egg is released from the ovarian follicle. 4. What does the ovarian follicle become after ovulation? The corpus luteum. 5. What is the purpose of the corpus luteum? It helps maintain pregnancy if an egg is fertilized; if not, it disintegrates. 6. What are the three sections and three coats of the oviducts? Infundibulum, ampulla and isthmus and three coats: the outer serous coat, the middle muscular coat, and an inner mucosa coat. 7. What is the function of the fimbriae? The fimbriae capture an egg from the ovary at the time of ovulation. When an egg (oocyte) bursts from follicle within an ovary during ovulation, it is swept into an oviduct. 8. An egg is most often fertilized in what region? Ampulla. 9. Describe the shape and location of the uterus. The uterus is a hollow, thick-walled muscular organ shaped like an inverted pear connecting the uterine tubes and the vagina and, in a forward-tilted position between the bladder and the rectum. 10. What are the three layers of the uterus? The outer serous perimetrium, the middle muscular myometrium and the inner glandular endometrium. 11. What is the function of the myometrium? It expands during pregnancy to hold the growing fetus and contracts during labor to push the baby out of the uterus. 12. What are the three regions of the uterus? Fundus, body, and cervix. 13. What is the fundus? The height of the fundus can be measured from the top of the pubic bone during pregnancy to provide growth rates and a crude indication of an abnormality (breech presentation or twins). 14. What is the function of the cervix just prior to ovulation? Just prior to ovulation, the cervix swells, softens and secretes mucus allowing sperm better access to and viability within the uterus. 15. What are the three layers of the vaginal wall? An inner tissue layer, intermediate muscle layer and outer tissue layer. 16. What is the function of the mucosal lining in the vaginal wall? The mucosal lining of the vagina lies in folds and can extend which is important when the vagina serves as the birth canal and it also facilitates intercourse. 17. The Mons pubis is a fat pad located in front of the pubic symphysis and is covered with hair after puberty. 18. The labia majora is an outer fold of skin that is located posterior to the mons pubis. 19. The urethral orifice is located anterior to the vaginal orifice. 20. Describe the structure of the mammary glands A mammary gland contains one to two dozen lobules, each with its own mammary duct. The duct begins at the nipple and divides into numerous other ducts ending in blind sacs called alveoli. In a non-lactating breast, the ducts far outnumber the alveoli since alveoli are made up of cells that can produce milk. 21. Is milk produced during pregnancy? Milk is not produced during pregnancy because prolactin is needed for lactation (milk production) to begin. Prolactin is suppressed by estrogen and progesterone. 22. What is colostrum? A yellowish-white fluid which has a similar composition to milk but contains a higher concentration of protein. 23. What is oogenesis? Oogenesis is the production of eggs in the ovaries which occurs during development of the fetus in the womb and is complete by the time of birth. 24. Describe the steps of oogenesis from primary oogonia to a mature ovum. Oogonia (Female stem cells), undergo mitotic division into two daughter cells known as primary oocytes. These primary oocytes are covered by follicles, known as primary follicles. This division; one of the cells continues the stem cell line. The other cell, known as the primary spermatocyte, undergoes meiosis. Meiosis produces four gametes with (with 23 chromosomes each) known in the male reproductive system as spermatids. All four spermatids become viable gametes. 44. Describe the parts of a mature sperm. The head is almost entirely nucleus containing the cell DNA with a crown called the acrosome which contains enzymes that breakdown the membrane of the egg to allow the sperm to penetrate. The midpiece contains numerous mitochondria that generate the locomotive energy needed by the sperm. The tail is a typical flagellum which is used to propel the sperm through the female reproductive tract. 45. What is the purpose of the hormone testosterone? Testosterone stimulates the sex drive and growth in males. It also stimulates secondary sex characteristics such as broad shoulders, deep voice, increased muscle size and bone density, and increased hair. Sexual Reproduction, Pregnancy and Fetal Development 46. Why are offspring different from their parents? In sexual reproduction, the offspring inherits half its genes from one parent and the other half from the other parent. Therefore, an offspring has a different combination of genes than either parent. In this way, variation is introduced and maintained. 47. What is a haploid cell? A diploid cell? A diploid cell is found throughout the body containing 46 chromosomes. A haploid cell is a gamete cell containing 23 chromosomes. 48. What is meiosis? During meiosis, gametes divide to form four gametes each with only half of the chromosomes needed (23). 49. How many chromosomes does a zygote contain? 46 (full number for human development). 50. What determines the sex of the developing fetus? Sex is also determined by the chromosomes. Males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. Females have two X chromosomes. 51. What is the corona radiata? Follicle cells surrounding the egg. 52. How long are male and female gametes viable? Sperm are viable for 3-5 days after ejaculation, depending on the environment, and an egg can survive for up to 24 hours after ovulation. 53. Describe the order of development from a fertilized egg to a fetus. The zygote (fertilized egg) spends about three to four days undergoing mitosis in the oviducts forming the morula and another three to four days undergoing mitosis while unattached in the uterus, forming the blastocyst as the endometrium prepares for implantation. Upon implantation some cells in the blastocyst begin to develop into three layers which become the embryo. By the end of week eight the embryo is considered a fetus. 54. The presence of HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) in urine will result in a positive pregnancy test taken at home. 55. Describe the supportive cells formed in the blastocyst. Other cells of the blastocyst form supportive cells for embryonic function: the amnion, placenta and umbilical cord. The amnion forms a sac filled with fluid to cushion and protect the fetus. The placenta is a temporary organ that carries out nutritive, respiratory, excretory and endocrine functions for the embryo. The baby continues to grow in the uterus with nutrition provided by the placenta for nine months until it is time for delivery. The umbilical cord attaches the embryo to the placenta. 56. The skin and nervous tissue develop from the -----Ectoderm-----layer of the blastocyst. Sexual Reproduction, Pregnancy and Fetal Development 57. The inner endoderm layer forms the The inner endoderm layer forms the glands (thyroid, parathyroid and thymus), solid organs (liver and pancreas) and the lining of the hollow organs of the digestive and respiratory systems . 58. The cardiovascular system develops from what layer of the blastocyst? Mesoderm 59. Describe the steps of the formation of the neural tube. The lateral sides of the ectoderm move together (convergence) forming the epidermis superficially. The neural fold forms underneath the epidermis, becoming the neural crest. The neural plate becomes the neural groove and then finally the neural tube once convergence is complete. The anterior portion of the neural tube becomes the brain and the rest forms the brainstem and spinal cord. 60. What supplement is recommended to prevent neural tube defects? Folic acid 61. Around what week does the heart begin to have blood flow? Week 3 62. During what trimester do fingerprints develop? 2nd trimester 63. What trimester do the testes descend into the scrotum? 3rd trimester 64. What causes the cervix to dilate during labor? The uterus contracts, which pushes the baby's head against the cervix causing it to dilate (widen). 65. What is the second stage of labor? Delivery of the baby. 66. What is the third stage of labor? Delivery of the placenta. 67. What stage of labor is the longest? Dilation of the cervix, first stage. 68. Review all figures in the module.