Neuroanatomy and Physiology: Nervous System and Eye, Exams of Biology

Download Neuroanatomy and Physiology: Nervous System and Eye and more Exams Biology in PDF only on Docsity! QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS Exam BIOD 152 Final Exam (3 Versions, Latest-2024/2025) / BIOD152 Final Exam / BIOD152 A & P 2 Final Exam: Essential Human Anatomy & Physiology II: Portage Learning |100 % Correct Q & A TESTED AND CONFIRMED A+ ANSWERS BIOD 152/A & P 2 PORTAGE LEARNING EXAM FINAL BIOD 152 EXAMS This is a bundle of axons found in the peripheral nervous system. - Answer Nerve This part of the autonomic system increases digestion. - Answer Parasympathetic The dorsal root of a nerve contains what type of neurons? - Answer Sensory (afferent) This part of a neuron conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body. - Answer Axon A neuron going to the bicep of the forearm is part of the: A. central nervous system B. peripheral nervous system C. Autonomic system D. Somatic system E. A&C F. B&D - Answer F. B&D The neuron pictured, below, is best described as: A. Bipolar B. Multipolar C. Unipolar D. Pseudounipolar - Answer B. Multipolar True or false: Neurons do not physically touch one another. - Answer True Describe the synthesis and storage of neurotransmitters. - Answer The neuron cell body manufactures neurotransmitters, which are stored in secretory vesicles at the end of axon terminals An efferent neuron carries information: A. From the central to the peripheral nervous system B. From the peripheral to the central nervous system C. Within the central nervous system D. Within the peripheral nervous system - Answer A. From the central to the peripheral nervous system A postsynaptic neuron would be found: A. before the synapse B. after the synapse *No interneuron* action: to muscle fiber to contract quadriceps (kicking foot) Multiple Sclerosis is an autoimmune disease which attacks the myelin sheath of the nerve axon. Patients with this disease may experience difficulty using the muscles of their arms and legs. Explain why this would occur. - Answer Myelin increase nerve conduction speed and protects the nerve. If the myelin is damaged, the conduction speed would be slower than normal, and the nerve axon itself would be vulnerable to permanent damage without the myelin present for protection This layer of the meninges is tightly attached to the brain. - Answer Pia mater (menix) The fissure separates the right and left cerebral hemispheres. - Answer Median longitudinal Describe the function of the brain ventricles. - Answer There are four ventricles in the interior of the brain, chambers filled with CSF which is produced there. Once formed the CSF circulates through the ventricles and into the subarachnoid space bathing and floating the brain All the following are functions of the hypothalamus except: A. maintain homeostasis B. controls the pituitary gland C. links the nervous and endocrine systems D. relays sensory impulses to the cerebrum - Answer D. Relays sensory impulses to the cerebrum This ventricle is located anterior to the cerebellum. A. lateral B. Medial C. Third D. Fourth - Answer D. Fourth This region of the brain acts to coordinate multiple sources of sensory information. A. Primary sensory cortex B. Primary motor cortex C. Association area D. Precentral gyrus E. Postcentral gyrus - Answer C. Association area A patient is having difficulty producing speech sounds, but other motor movements are normal. Which area of the brain is most likely damaged? A. Broca's area B. Wernicke's area C. Occipital lobe D. Parietal lobe E. Primary motor cortex - Answer A. Broca's area Describe how memories are stored and retrieved in the brain. Include a specific brain region. - Answer Memories are not stored in one specific area within the brain but instead are stored throughout the cerebral hemispheres. The hippocampus acts as a memory center to help with memory storage and retrieval. The involvement of the limbic system explains why emotionally charged events result in our most vivid memories Which statement is false concerning the brainstem? A. The midbrain portion of the brainstem is continuous with the spinal cord B. The pons helps to regulate breathing C. The midbrain contains the superior and inferior colliculi D. The medulla contains reflex centers to regulate vasoconstriction - Answer A. The midbrain portion of the brainstem is continuous with the spinal cord Which of the following is false concerning the cerebellum? A. The gray matter is external while the mater is internal B. The cerebellar peduncles are located posteriorly C. The anterior lobe receives information from the body trunk D. The vermis coordinates arm movements - Answer B. The cerebellar peduncles are located posteriorly Alzheimer's disease impacts which region(s) of the brain? A. occipital lobe B. Frontal lobe C. Parietal lobe D. Hippocampus E. All of the above - Answer E. all of the above Which of the following is false concerning a CVA? A. An ischemic stroke is also know as a "brain bleed" B. A TIA is form of an ischemic stroke C. Stroke survivors may regain some lost functions through therapy D. A hemorrhagic stroke is due to a broken blood vessel - Answer A. An ischemic stroke is also known as a "brain bleed" A patient has decreased hand strength in her right hand. She also has numbness in her first three digits. What is most likely the cause? A. Spinal cord injury B. Carpal tunnel syndrome C. Ulnar nerve damage D. CVA in the parietal lobe - Answer B. Carpal tunnel syndrome Label the following spinal cord regions in the diagram below: 1: 3: 3. Gray commissure 4. Anterior column 6. Anterior/Ventral Horn 11. Ventral Root 5. Lateral column 9. Posterior Medain sulcus 13. DRG What cranial nerve is highlighted in blue (also indicated by the arrow) in the figure below? A. Optic B. Oculomotor C. Trochlear D. Abducens E. Spinal accessory - Answer B. Oculomotor What type of nerve is the cranial nerve below and what does it control? (Highlighted in blue, also indicated by the arrow) A. Mixed; sensation of digestive tract and regulation of heart rate B. Motor; tongue movement C. Sensory: hearing and balance D. Mixed; Facial muscles and taste - Answer D. Mixed; facial muscles and taste Which of the following is true about the trigeminal nerve? A. The mandibular branch receives sensory information from taste buds B. The ophthalmic branch controls eye movements C. The maxillary branch receives information from the upper lip D. The maxillary branch controls the muscles of mastication - Answer C. The maxillary branch receives information from the upper lip Use the figure below to answer the following questions. Answer by writing the letter (A- J) from the figure that corresponds with the correct cranial nerve. 1. This cranial nerve receives sensory information for smell. 2. This cranial nerve controls the inferior oblique muscle. 3. This cranial nerve has three branches. 4. This cranial nerve is responsible for taste on the anterior portion of the tongue. 11: - Answer 1. Lateral column 4: 6: A. aqueous humor and cornea B. Ciliary body and iris C. Cones and rods D. optic nerve and retina - Answer B. Ciliary body and iris True or false: The more numerous type of photoreceptors are rods. - Answer True What is the correct order of how light passes through the eye? A. Cornea, lens, pupil, retina B. Lens, retina, cornea, pupil C. Cornea, aqueous humor, lens, retina D. Lens, vitreous fluid, cornea, retina - Answer C. Cornea, aqueous humor, lens, retina A patient had a CVA in the area indicated by the red x in the figure, below. What type of blindness is the patient most likely to incur? Explain your reasoning A. Left eye blindness B. Right eye blindness C. Bilateral left visual field blindness D. Bilateral right visual field blindness. - Answer C The right optic tract is damaged. All the sensory information from the left visual fields travels together after the optic chiasm to the right side of the brain A patient is found to have blindness in the right eye. What part of the vision pathway was most likely damaged? Explain your response A. Optic chiasm B. Occipital lobe C. Left optic nerve D. Right optic nerve - Answer D Information from the right visual field has not yet crossed at the optic chiasm. Both peripheral and nasal fields of the right eye would be missing True or False: The lateral fibers of the optic nerves cross at the optic chiasm. - Answer False - medial fibers cross The is controlled by the trochlear nerve. A. superior rectus B. medial rectus C. lateral rectus D. superior oblique - Answer D. superior oblique Your elderly patient is discussing her vision problems. She describes her vision as blurry. Following a visual examination, her left eye deviates medially when looking straight ahead. What is most likely causing the vision problem? Explain your reasoning A. Cataracts B. Abducens nerve damage C. Brain tumor in the occipital lobe D. Medial rectus damage E. Superior rectus damage - Answer B The abducens nerve controls the lateral rectus. Damage to the lateral rectus would cause there to be a muscle imbalance, and the medial rectus would pull the eye medially when looking straight ahead, causing blurry vision (Diplopia) Match the numbers (1-5) in the figure below with the correct terms (A-H). Note: not all terms will be used. 1- A: Scala Tympani 2- B: Facial Nerve 3- C: Tympanic Membrane 4- D: Cochlear duct 5- E: Organ of Corti F: External acoustic meatus G: Cochlear Nerve H: Scala Vestibuli - Answer 1: H. Scala Vestibuli 2: D. Choclear Duct 3: E. Organ of corti 4: A. Scala tympani 5: G. Chochlear Nerve Other Incorrect Match Options: B. Facial Nerve C. Tympanic Membrane F. External acoustic meatus Which of the following statements is true regarding the external ear? A. the lobule contains cartilage B. The auricle funnels sound into the external acoustic meatus C. The helix does not contain cartilage D. The external acoustic meatus travels through the parietal bone - Answer B. The auricle funnels sound into the external acoustic meatus Which of the following statements is true regarding the middle ear? A. it is filled with fluid B. it is filled with air C. The malleus receives vibrations from the stapes D. The stapes receives vibrations from the cochlea - Answer B. It is filled with air Which of the following statement is true regarding the inner ear? A. the organ of corti is responsible for the body's auditory sense B. It is filled with air C. The cochlea is responsible for the body's vestibular sense D. There are two semicircular canals which house sensory receptors - Answer A. The organ of corti is responsible for the body's auditory sense Place the terms (A-H) in the correct order for the hearing pathway. Note: not all terms will be used. Sound waves are funneled in the 1 . Vibrations push against the 2 which moves the ossicles. The stapes pushes against the 3 . Movement of the 4 causes neurons to send impulses through the 5 to the brain. - Answer 1: auditory canal 2: tympanic membrane 3: Cochlear duct 4: Stereocilia 5: Cochlear nerve Label the figure below with the correct papillae: (A-C). A: B: C: - Answer A: Filiform B: Circumvallate C: Fungiform True or false: Olfaction is a chemical sense activated by chemical substances dissolved in the nasal mucous membranes. - Answer True Which of the following is not one of the primary odors in humans? A. Floral B. Musky C. Pungent D. Putrid E. Pheromones - Answer E. Pheromones A person cannot perceive tastes from the posterior portion of the tongue. What nerve is most likely damaged? - Answer Glossopharyngeal (CN IX) The left and right veins carry blood next to the superior vena cava. A. Brachiocephalic B. Common carotid C. Subclavian D. Aortic arch - Answer A. Brachiocephalic A patient had a stroke in their pons portion of the brainstem. What vessel was most likely blocked? A. Anterior cerebral artery B. Posterior cerebral artery C. Basilar artery D. Vertebral artery - Answer C. Basilar artery These two arteries of the circle of Willis rise along both sides of the spinal cord, joining in the brainstem: - Answer Vertebral arteries (left and right) What is the name of the artery in the figure below (in blue also indicated by the arrow)? - Answer Anterior communicating Use the figure below to answer the following question. Portion A is filled with air. This part of the medical equipment (B-F) releases the air from A. - Answer A (bladder), is filled with air. The bulb (F) is portion that is squeezed to inflate the bladder with air. The bladder is held in placeover an artery by the cuff (C), The manometer (B) displays the pressure in millimeters of mercury.The pressure is slowly released by the valve (E) empyting the bladder and allowing blood to flow throught. The stethoscope (D) is used to listen for the first and last sounds of blood flow. E. the valve True or False: The liquid portion of blood is called formed elements. - Answer False True or False: Hydrostatic pressure is the net pressure which pushes fluid into the tissues. - Answer True The portion of blood responsible for maintaining blood pH is: A. Plasma B. Serum C. Formed elements D. Hydrostatic elements - Answer A. Plasma is a cell fragment from a large bone marrow cell: A. White blood cells B. Red blood cells C. Megakaryocytes D. Platelets - Answer D. Platelets Which statement is false concerning the events in the coagulation cascade? A. Plasmin destroy the fibrin network B. Fibrin is converted to fibrinogen C. Platelets becomes trapped in a fibrin network of threads D. Prothrombin is converted to thrombin - Answer B. Fibrin is converted to fibrinogen The sends deoxygenated blood to the lungs to be oxygenated. A. Left, systemic circuit B. Right, pulmonary circuit C. Left, pulmonary circuit D. Right, systemic circuit - Answer B. Right, pulmonary circuit The pacemaker of the heart is the: A. Bundle of His B. AV node C. SA node D. Purkinje fibers - Answer C. SA node You are reviewing your patient's results from an EKG. The findings indicate a problem with ventricular depolarization. Where should you look on the EKG to find this abnormal rhythm? A. T-wave B. QRS complex C. The electrical activity cannot be read on an EKG D. P-wave - Answer B. QRS complex Your patient's EKG results indicate difficulty with left and right atrial systole. What part of the conduction system is not functioning properly? A. Atrioventricular node B. SA node C. Bundle of His D. Purkinje fibers - Answer B. SA node Which statement is true concerning the cardiac cycle? A. the dub sound is heard when the semilunar valves close B. The lub sound is heard when the atrioventricular valves close C. The lub sound is heard when the semilunar valves open D. The dub sound is heard when the atrioventricular valves open E. A&B are true F. C&D - Answer E. A&B are true A patient is suspected to have peripheral edema due to heart failure. Which side of the heart would be in failure? Explain your answer. - Answer The right side of the heart would be in failure. If the right side of the heart cannot pump blood into the heart efficiently, blood and fluid will back up into the veins, causing swelling in body tissues A patient has a diagnosis of left sided heart failure. Which of the following signs/symptoms would they most likely present with? A. shortness of breath at rest B. Swollen ankles C. all the above - Answer A. shortness of breath at rest A patient is admitted to the ER with a myocardial infarction. What signs/symptoms could they display? A. shortness of breath B. Angina pectoris C. Heartburn D. Pressure over the chest E. all the above - Answer E. all the above Your patient has a diagnosis of atherosclerosis. Would you expect your patient to also have hypertension? Why or why not? - Answer Yes. Atherosclerosis is an accumulation of soft masses of fatty materials, often cholesterol, inside arteries. These deposits called plaque accumulate beneath the inner linings of arteries. As plaque continues to build up it tends to protrude into the vessels, interfering with normal blood flow Your patient is admitted to the hospital for an angioplasty. Use your own words to explain to your patient about what is going to happen in this procedure. - Answer Angioplasty is a procedure where a surgeon threads a plastic tube into the artery of an arm or a leg. The tube is then guided through the blood vessel toward the heart. When the tube reaches the segment clogged by plaque in a coronary artery, the ballon attached to the end of the tube is inflated, forcing the vessel open Label the organ below (highlighted in blue, also indicated by the arrow): - Answer Spleen Name the lymphatic vessel below (highlighted in blue, also indicated by the arrow): - Answer Thoracic Duct/Left lymphatic duct True or False: Lymph flows in one direction from the tissues to the venous system. - Answer True True or False: Fluid inside tissues that is not returned via the veins is returned to the heart through the lymph system. - Answer True True or False: Lymph fluid moves in the following order: Interstitial fluid→ lymph capillaries→ Lymph vessels→ Lymphatic Duct→ Veins - Answer True E. NK cells - Answer A. Plasma cells These cells contain a glycoprotein receptor as part of their cell coat: A. Killer T cells B. T cells C. B cells D. Cytokines E. Interferons - Answer C. B cells These lymphocytes are highly effective against abnormal body cells, such as tumor cells: A. Macrophages B. memory B cells C. Interferons D. NK cells E. Monocytes - Answer D. NK cells What is FALSE concerning the MHC? A. These are antibody receptors found on only certain types immune cells B. T cells recognize and destroy invading cells using MHC C. It is genetically determined and unique to each person D. Abnormal cells display a different MHC than healthy cells. - Answer A. These are antibody receptors found on only certain types immune cells Discuss how antibody-mediated immunity defends the body against diseases. Give an example of what type of cell uses this form of immunity in the body. - Answer B cells work through antibody-mediated immunity (humoral response) because B cells work against pathogens through the secretion of antibodies. Antibody-mediated immunity defends the body against pathogens through the secretion of antibodies. The antibodies bind to the pathogen, making it unable to cause further damage in the body and marking it for phagocytosis What are immunosuppressant drugs and why are they necessary? - Answer Immunosuppressant drugs are used to suppress the immune system, suppressing the immune system is necessary so that the body does not reject the organ transplat/tissue graft. While taking these immunosuppressant drugs the patient is more susceptible to disease Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease where the immune cells attack the . - Answer Myelin sheath A person who is highly allergic to insect bites was just stung by a wasp. An EpiPen injection was administered to prevent what from occurring? (Be as specific as possible in your response) - Answer Anaphylactic shock or collapse/heart failure due to severe drop in blood pressure and closed respiratory passageways Look at the patient in the picture below. This patient does not want further medical help. Name two concerns you discuss with your patient if she does not continue treatment. - Answer Lymphedema in the right leg/foot 1: Tissues/leg and foot are vulnerable to infection 2: Connective tissues and vessels become permanently stretched and distended All the following are functions of the ovaries EXCEPT: A. Production of eggs B. Maintaining the development of a fetus C. Production of estrogen D. Development of the corpus luteum - Answer B. Maintaining the development of a fetus Which of the following statements is true concerning oogenesis? A. It begins at the time of puberty B. The primary oocyte divides to produce a secondary oocyte C. Each primary oocyte produces in two to three mature ova D. The first polar body maintains all the cytoplasm E. B&C are true - Answer B. The primary oocyte divides to produce a secondary oocyte The ovarian follicle becomes the after ovulation. - Answer Corpus luteum Name the specific region of the reproductive system highlighted in blue below (also indicated by the arrow). - Answer Cervix This layer of the uterus contracts during labor. A. Endometrium B. Mucosal coat C. Perimetrium D. Myometrium E. Serous coat - Answer D. Myometrium Which of the following statement is false concerning the functions of the vagina? A. It serves as a birth canal B. it provides the outlet for menstrual blood during menstruation C. It secretes progesterone to maintain pregnancy D. It receives the male penis during sexual intercourse - Answer C. It secretes progesterone to maintain pregnancy Describe the purpose of the cervix during pregnancy. - Answer When a female becomes pregnant a mucus plug develops in the cervix and prevents any bacteria or pathogens from entering the uterus, thus protecting the health of the developing fetus. A firm, closed cervix also hold the developing fetus in the uterus until it reaches full term Label the regions of the reproductive system below: (A-C) C: - Answer A. Prepuce B. Urethral orifice C. Vestibule True or False: The mammary alveoli begin at the nipple and divides into numerous other lobules. - Answer False True or False: Milk is not produced during pregnancy because of the production of estrogen and progesterone. - Answer True Blood tests indicate that progesterone and estrogen levels are both increased. Your patient is most likely in what phase of the female uterine cycle? A. Menstrual cycle B. Proliferative phase C. Secretory phase D. Luteal Phase E. Follicular phase - Answer C. secretory phase Which of the following is false concerning the organs of the male reproductive system? A. The epididymis is the site of sperm maturation B. The vas deferens travels through the inguinal C. One produced, sperm travel to the seminal vesicles for maturation D. The epididymis is located on the posterior-lateral portion of the testis E. The testes function to produce sperm - Answer C. One produced, sperm travel to the seminal vesicles for maturation The join with the vas deferens to form an ejaculatory duct. - Answer Seminal vesicles Match the gland/organ with the best description(s) A-F. Select all that apply 1. Seminal vesicles 2 Prostate gland 3. Bulbourethral glands 4. Testes 5. Anterior Pituitary A. Secretes alkaline fluid B. Secretes vitamin C C. Produces testosterone A: B: