Neurotransmission and Neuronal Function: A Focus on Ions, Neurotransmitters, and Receptors, Exams of Neuroscience

Download Neurotransmission and Neuronal Function: A Focus on Ions, Neurotransmitters, and Receptors and more Exams Neuroscience in PDF only on Docsity! BIOD322 NEUROSCIENCE Module 2 Final Exam Review Q & A 2024 1. What is the primary role of myelin in neural transmission? - A) To generate electrical impulses - B) To insulate axons and increase the speed of transmission - C) To release neurotransmitters - D) To regulate ion exchange Answer: B) To insulate axons and increase the speed of transmission Rationale: Myelin, a fatty substance that surrounds axons, serves as an insulator to prevent signal loss and speeds up the transmission of electrical impulses along the nerve cells. 2. Which ion's influx is most directly responsible for the depolarization phase of an action potential? - A) Sodium (Na+) - B) Potassium (K+) - C) Calcium (Ca2+) - D) Chloride (Cl-) Answer: A) Sodium (Na+) Rationale: During the depolarization phase of an action potential, sodium channels open, allowing Na+ to flow into the neuron, causing the interior to become more positive. 3. What is the significance of the sodium-potassium pump in maintaining the resting membrane potential? - A) It pumps sodium and potassium ions in equal quantities - B) It contributes to the hyperpolarization of the neuron - C) It expels three sodium ions for every two potassium ions it brings into the cell - D) It is only active during the action potential Answer: C) It expels three sodium ions for every two potassium ions it brings into the cell Rationale: The sodium-potassium pump is essential for maintaining the resting membrane potential by actively transporting three Na+ out of the neuron and two K+ into the neuron against their concentration gradients. 4. In synaptic transmission, what is the role of calcium ions (Ca2+) at the presynaptic terminal? - A) They initiate the repolarization phase - B) They trigger the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft A. Dendrite B. Axon C. Soma D. Terminal Answer: A. Dendrite Rationale: Dendrites receive signals from other neurons and transmit them towards the soma. 7. Which type of neural cell provides support and insulation for neurons in the central nervous system? A. Astrocytes B. Microglia C. Oligodendrocytes D. Schwann cells Answer: C. Oligodendrocytes Rationale: Oligodendrocytes provide insulation for neurons in the central nervous system. 8. Which of the following structures is responsible for storing memories? A. Amygdala B. Hippocampus C. Thalamus D. Frontal lobe Answer: B. Hippocampus Rationale: The hippocampus plays a key role in storing memories. 9. Which neurotransmitter is associated with sleep, mood, and appetite regulation? A. Serotonin B. Dopamine C. Acetylcholine D. Norepinephrine Answer: A. Serotonin Rationale: Serotonin is associated with sleep, mood, and appetite regulation. 10. Which part of the brain is responsible for coordinating voluntary movements and balance? A. Frontal lobe B. Parietal lobe C. Cerebellum D. Occipital lobe Answer: C. Cerebellum Rationale: The cerebellum is responsible for coordinating voluntary movements and balance. 11. Which type of neuron carries signals away from the cell body? A. Sensory neuron B. Motor neuron C. Interneuron D. Projection neuron Answer: B. Motor neuron Rationale: Motor neurons carry signals away from the cell body towards muscles or glands. 12. Which of the following is a key function of glial cells? A. Generating action potentials B. Maintaining the blood-brain barrier C. Releasing neurotransmitters D. Forming synapses Answer: B. Maintaining the blood-brain barrier Rationale: Glial cells play a key role in maintaining the blood-brain barrier, protecting the brain from harmful substances. 13. Which part of the brain is responsible for regulating emotions and processing fear? A. Thalamus B. Amygdala C. Frontal lobe D. Hippocampus Answer: B. Amygdala Rationale: The amygdala is responsible for regulating emotions and processing fear. 14. Which type of neurotransmitter receptor directly opens ion channels when activated? A. G protein-coupled receptor B. Ligand-gated ion channel C. Enzyme-linked receptor D. Voltage-gated ion channel Answer: B. Ligand-gated ion channel Rationale: Ligand-gated ion channels open directly in response to neurotransmitter binding. 15. Which part of a neuron conducts electrical signals away from the cell body? A. Dendrite B. Axon C. Soma D. Terminal Answer: B. Axon Rationale: The axon conducts electrical signals away from the cell body towards other neurons or target cells. 16. Which type of glial cell is responsible for phagocytosis and immune response in the central nervous system? A. Astrocytes B. Microglia C. Oligodendrocytes D. Ependymal cells Answer: B. Microglia Rationale: Microglia are responsible for phagocytosis and immune response in the central nervous system. 17. Which part of the brain is responsible for relaying sensory information to the cortex? A. Thalamus B. Hypothalamus C. Amygdala D. Hippocampus Answer: A. Thalamus Rationale: The thalamus is responsible for relaying sensory information to the cortex. D. Voltage-gated ion channel Answer: A. G protein-coupled receptor Rationale: G protein-coupled receptors activate intracellular signaling cascades in response to neurotransmitter binding. 26. Which part of the brain is responsible for processing visual information? A. Thalamus B. Amygdala C. Occipital lobe D. Hippocampus Answer: C. Occipital lobe Rationale: The occipital lobe is responsible for processing visual information. 27. Which neurotransmitter is associated with muscle control and autonomic functions? A. Serotonin B. Dopamine C. Acetylcholine D. GABA Answer: C. Acetylcholine Rationale: Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that plays a key role in muscle control and autonomic functions. 28. Which type of glial cell is responsible for regulating the chemical environment around neurons in the central nervous system? A. Astrocytes B. Microglia C. Oligodendrocytes D. Ependymal cells Answer: A. Astrocytes Rationale: Astrocytes regulate the chemical environment around neurons in the central nervous system. 29. Which part of the brain is responsible for executive functions and decision-making? A. Frontal lobe B. Parietal lobe C. Temporal lobe D. Occipital lobe Answer: A. Frontal lobe Rationale: The frontal lobe is responsible for executive functions and decision-making. 30. Which neurotransmitter is associated with arousal, attention, and memory? A. Serotonin B. Dopamine C. Acetylcholine D. Norepinephrine Answer: D. Norepinephrine Rationale: Norepinephrine is associated with arousal, attention, and memory. Question: A patient with Parkinson's disease presents with tremors, bradykinesia, and rigidity. Which neurotransmitter is primarily affected in this condition? A) Acetylcholine B) Serotonin C) Dopamine D) GABA Answer: C) Dopamine Rationale: Parkinson's disease is characterized by a loss of dopamine- producing neurons in the substantia nigra of the brain. Question: A patient is experiencing a seizure. Which type of neural transmission is likely disrupted during a seizure? A) Anterograde transmission B) Retrograde transmission C) Excitatory transmission D) Inhibitory transmission Answer: C) Excitatory transmission Rationale: Seizures are often associated with excessive excitatory neural transmission in the brain. Question: A patient is diagnosed with multiple sclerosis. Which part of the neuron is primarily affected in this condition? A) Axon B) Cell body C) Dendrite D) Myelin sheath Answer: D) Myelin sheath Rationale: Multiple sclerosis is characterized by the immune system attacking the myelin sheath surrounding neurons. Question: A patient presents with symptoms of depression. Which neurotransmitter is commonly implicated in the pathophysiology of depression? A) Glutamate B) Norepinephrine C) Endorphins D) Serotonin Answer: D) Serotonin Rationale: Serotonin is often referred to as the "feel-good" neurotransmitter and is associated with mood regulation. Question: A patient sustains a traumatic brain injury resulting in damage to the frontal lobe. Which function is most likely to be affected? A) Motor function B) Language comprehension C) Executive function D) Visual processing Answer: C) Executive function Rationale: The frontal lobe is responsible for executive functions such as decision-making, planning, and impulse control. Question: A patient is experiencing symptoms of schizophrenia. Dysfunction in which neurotransmitter system is thought to contribute to the development of schizophrenia? A) GABAergic system B) Dopaminergic system C) Glutamatergic system D) Serotonergic system Rationale: Myasthenia gravis is characterized by antibodies attacking acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction. Question: A patient is experiencing chronic pain. Which neurotransmitter is involved in the modulation of pain signals in the central nervous system? A) Substance P B) Endorphins C) Glutamate D) Serotonin Answer: B) Endorphins Rationale: Endorphins are endogenous opioids that help modulate pain perception in the brain. Question: A patient presents with symptoms of restless leg syndrome. Dysfunction in which neurotransmitter system is thought to contribute to this condition? A) Dopaminergic system B) GABAergic system C) Serotonergic system D) Glutamatergic system Answer: A) Dopaminergic system Rationale: Restless leg syndrome is associated with dysfunction in the dopaminergic system, leading to sensory disturbances in the legs. Question: A patient is diagnosed with epilepsy. Which neurotransmitter is involved in the regulation of neuronal excitability and may contribute to seizure activity? A) GABA B) Glutamate C) Serotonin D) Norepinephrine Answer: B) Glutamate Rationale: Glutamate is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain and plays a role in seizure generation. Question: A patient has a stroke affecting the middle cerebral artery. Which area of the brain is most likely to be damaged, leading to motor deficits? A) Frontal lobe B) Parietal lobe C) Temporal lobe D) Occipital lobe Answer: A) Frontal lobe Rationale: The middle cerebral artery supplies blood to the frontal lobe, which is responsible for motor function. Question: A patient is prescribed a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) for depression. How do SSRIs exert their therapeutic effects? A) Blocking dopamine receptors B) Inhibiting serotonin reuptake C) Enhancing GABA release D) Activating glutamate receptors Answer: B) Inhibiting serotonin reuptake Rationale: SSRIs increase serotonin levels in the synaptic cleft by blocking its reuptake, leading to improved mood. Question: A patient with spinal cord injury experiences spasticity. Dysfunction in which neurotransmitter system is thought to contribute to spasticity? A) Dopaminergic system B) GABAergic system C) Serotonergic system D) Glutamatergic system Answer: D) Glutamatergic system Rationale: Spasticity is associated with increased glutamatergic activity in the spinal cord. Question: A patient is diagnosed with schizophrenia. Which brain region is thought to play a key role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia? A) Hippocampus B) Amygdala C) Prefrontal cortex D) Striatum Answer: C) Prefrontal cortex Rationale: Dysfunction in the prefrontal cortex is implicated in the cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia. Question: A patient with a traumatic brain injury shows deficits in memory consolidation. Which brain structure is critical for the formation of new memories? A) Hippocampus B) Thalamus C) Cerebellum D) Basal ganglia Answer: A) Hippocampus Rationale: The hippocampus plays a crucial role in memory formation and consolidation. Question: A patient is prescribed a tricyclic antidepressant for depression. How do tricyclic antidepressants exert their therapeutic effects? A) Inhibiting norepinephrine reuptake B) Enhancing dopamine release C) Blocking GABA receptors D) Activating glutamate receptors Answer: A) Inhibiting norepinephrine reuptake Rationale: Tricyclic antidepressants block the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin, increasing their levels in the brain. Question: A patient presents with symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Dysfunction in which neurotransmitter system is thought to contribute to the symptoms of ADHD? A) Dopaminergic system B) Serotonergic system C) GABAergic system D) Glutamatergic system Answer: A) Dopaminergic system Rationale: ADHD is associated with dysregulation of dopamine neurotransmission in the brain. Question: A patient is diagnosed with peripheral neuropathy. Which type of neurons are primarily affected in this condition? A) Motor neurons B) Sensory neurons