Understanding Energy Production & Chemical Reactions in Biochemistry, Exams of Biology

Download Understanding Energy Production & Chemical Reactions in Biochemistry and more Exams Biology in PDF only on Docsity! BIOL 1P91 Final Exam 107 Questions with Verified Solutions. 1. All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism - Correct answer Metabolism 2. The process by which one or more substances change to produce one or more different substances - Correct answer Chemical Reaction 1. Provide organic materials needed to maintain cells and support growth of new cells and tissues 2. Provides a source of energy to promote chemical reactions that cannot occur without an input of energy - Correct answer Purpose of Food 3. The ability to do work - Correct answer Energy 4. Energy of motion - Correct answer Kinetic Energy 5. Stored energy that results from the position or shape of an object - Correct answer Potential Energy 6. A form of potential energy that is stored in chemical bonds between atoms. - Correct answer Chemical Energy 7. The study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter. - Correct answer Thermodynamics 8. Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed. - Correct answer First Law of Thermodynamics 9. Energy can be transformed from one form into another or transferred from one region to another, but energy cannot be created or destroyed - Correct answer Law of Conservation of Energy 10.Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe. - Correct answer Second Law of Thermodynamics 11.Degree of disorder; to make something happen, degree of disorder in universe must increase - Correct answer Entropy 12.Can be used to do work; the less unusable energy, the faster things can be done - Correct answer Usable Energy 13.Energy that is available to do work - Correct answer Free Energy 14.Occur without input of additional energy; not necessarily fast; key factor is the free energy change - Correct answer Spontaneous Reactions 15.A chemical reaction that releases energy - Correct answer Exergonic Reaction 16.A chemical reaction that doesn't release energy - Correct answer Endergonic Reaction P a g e 1 | 7 17.A state of balance in which the rate of a forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction and the concentrations of products and reactants remain unchanged - Correct answer Chemical Equilibrium 18.Substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction - Correct answer Catalyst 19.Proteins that act as biological catalysts - Correct answer Enzymes 20. Initial input of energy to start a reaction - Correct answer Activation Energy 21.States were original bonds have stretched to their limit and chemical reaction can readily proceed to the formation of products - Correct answer Transition state 22.The part of an enzyme or antibody where the chemical reaction occurs. - Correct answer Active Site 23.Reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction - Correct answer Substrate 24.Enzymes have a high affinity or high degree of specificity for a substrate - Correct answer Substrate Binding 25.Change in the shape of an enzyme's active site that enhances the fit between the active site and its substrate(s) - Correct answer Induced Fit Model 26.Any nonprotein molecule or ion that is required for the proper functioning of an enzyme - Correct answer Cofactors 27.Help organize enzyme structure or assist catalyst - Correct answer Metal Ions 28.Associate transiently and usually help w/group transfers or electron transfers - Correct answer Coenzymes 29.A non-protein, but organic, molecule (such as vitamin) that is covalently bound to an enzyme as part of the active site. - Correct answer Prosthetic Group 30.Breakdown of molecules - Correct answer Catabolic Reactions 31.Synthesis of larger molecules from smaller ones - Correct answer Anabolic Reactions 32.When there is a transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another - Correct answer Redox Reactions 33.Used in oxidation to NAD+ for synthesis of ATP and donation of electrons more readily from covalent bonds - Correct answer NADH (NAD+) 34.The turning on and off of genes - Correct answer Gene Regulation 35.Cell-signaling pathways like hormones - Correct answer Cellular Regulation 36.A molecule noncovalently binds to enzyme to activate or inhibit that enzyme - Correct answer Biochemical Regulation P a g e 2 | 7 72.An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits. - Correct answer Phenotype 73.The two copies of a gene segregate from each other during transmission from parent to offspring - Correct answer Mendel's Law of Segregation 74.Alleles of different genes segregate independently of each other during sexual reproduction - Correct answer Law of Independent Assortment 75.A basic principle in biology stating that genes are located on chromosomes and that the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis accounts for inheritance patterns. - Correct answer Chromosome Theory of Inheritance 76.Location of a gene on a chromosome - Correct answer Locus 77.Examines the presence of human traits over the course of a few generations - Correct answer Pedigree Analysis 78.Chromosomes that are not directly involved in determining the sex of an individual - Correct answer Autosomes 79.Chromosomes that determine the sex of an individual; X and Y chromosomes - Correct answer Sex Chromosomes 80.Prevalent allele in a population; usually encodes a protein that is made in the proper amount and functions normally - Correct answer Wild-Type Allele 81.Alleles that have been altered by mutation - Correct answer Mutant Alleles 82.Situation in which one allele is not completely dominant over another allele - Correct answer Incomplete Dominance 83.A single trait is controlled by 2 or more genes, each of which has 2 or more alleles - Correct answer Gene Interaction 84.The alleles of one gene mask the effects of alleles of another gene - Correct answer Epistasis 85.Traits that are clearly different from each other - Correct answer Discrete Traits 86.Traits that are measured on a continuous numeric scale - Correct answer Quantitative Traits 87.The inheritance of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus but instead in the mitochondria and chloroplast - Correct answer Extranuclear Inheritance 88.Basic units of DNA molecule; composed of a sugar, a phosphate, and one of 4 DNA bases - Correct answer Nucleotides 89.A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes; contains phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar and nitrogenous base - Correct answer DNA P a g e 5 | 7 90.A single-stranded nucleic acid that passes along genetic messages; contains phosphate group, ribose sugar and nitrogenous base - Correct answer RNA 91.Method of DNA replication in which parental strands separate, act as templates, and produce molecules of DNA with one parental DNA strand and one new DNA strand - Correct answer Semiconservative Replication 92.The parental molecule serves as a template for the synthesis of an entirely new molecule - Correct answer Conservative Replication 93.A disproved model of DNA synthesis suggesting more or less random interspersion of parental and new segments in daughter DNA molecules - Correct answer Dispersive Replication 94.Area where the double helix separates; where replication occurs - Correct answer Replication Forks 95.An enzyme that joins RNA nucleotides to make the primer - Correct answer Primase 96.An enzyme that unwinds the DNA double helix during DNA replication - Correct answer DNA helicase 97.Relieves additional coiling ahead of replication fork - Correct answer DNA Topoisomerase 98.Keep parental strands open to act as templates - Correct answer Single-Strand Binding Proteins 99.Enzyme involved in DNA replication that joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule - Correct answer DNA Polymerase 100. An enzyme that eventually joins the sugar-phosphate backbones of the Okazaki fragments; used after the removal of RNA and its replacement with DNA - Correct answer DNA Ligase 101. Series of short nucleotide sequences repeated at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes; telomere at 3' does not have a complementary strand and is called 3' overhang - Correct answer Telomeres 102. Transcribed to produce an mRNA that specifies the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide - Correct answer Structural Genes 103. The DNA strand that provides the template for ordering the sequence of nucleotides in an mRNA transcript - Correct answer Template Strand(Noncoding Strand) 104. The strand of DNA that is not used for transcription and is identical in sequence to mRNA, except it contains uracil instead of thymine - Correct answer Coding Strand 105. The process of removing introns and reconnecting exons in a pre-mRNA - Correct answer Splicing P a g e 6 | 7 106. Three-base sequence in a transfer RNA molecule base that pairs with a complementary codon in mRNA - Correct answer Anticodons 107. On an mRNA, the triplet grouping of ribonucleotides used by the translation machinery during polypeptide synthesis - Correct answer Reading Frame P a g e 7 | 7