Understanding Biochemistry and Cellular Energy: Chemical Reactions and Respiration, Exams of Biology

Download Understanding Biochemistry and Cellular Energy: Chemical Reactions and Respiration and more Exams Biology in PDF only on Docsity! BIOL 1P91 Final Exam 107 Questions with Verified Solutions. 1. All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism - Correct answer Metabolism 2. The process by which one or more substances change to produce one or more different substances - Correct answer Chemical Reaction 1. Provide organic materials needed to maintain cells and support growth of new cells and tissues 2. Provides a source of energy to promote chemical reactions that cannot occur without an input of energy - Correct answer Purpose of Food 3. The ability to do work - Correct answer Energy 4. Energy of motion - Correct answer Kinetic Energy 5. Stored energy that results from the position or shape of an object - Correct answer Potential Energy 6. A form of potential energy that is stored in chemical bonds between atoms. - Correct answer Chemical Energy 7. The study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter. - Correct answer Thermodynamics 8. Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed. - Correct answer First Law of Thermodynamics 9. Energy can be transformed from one form into another or transferred from one region to another, but energy cannot be created or destroyed - Correct answer Law of Conservation of Energy 10.Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe. - Correct answer Second Law of Thermodynamics 11.Degree of disorder; to make something happen, degree of disorder in universe must increase - Correct answer Entropy 12.Can be used to do work; the less unusable energy, the faster things can be done - Correct answer Usable Energy P a g e 1 | 8 13.Energy that is available to do work - Correct answer Free Energy 14.Occur without input of additional energy; not necessarily fast; key factor is the free energy change - Correct answer Spontaneous Reactions 15.A chemical reaction that releases energy - Correct answer Exergonic Reaction 16.A chemical reaction that doesn't release energy - Correct answer Endergonic Reaction 17.A state of balance in which the rate of a forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction and the concentrations of products and reactants remain unchanged - Correct answer Chemical Equilibrium 18.Substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction - Correct answer Catalyst 19.Proteins that act as biological catalysts - Correct answer Enzymes 20. Initial input of energy to start a reaction - Correct answer Activation Energy 21.States were original bonds have stretched to their limit and chemical reaction can readily proceed to the formation of products - Correct answer Transition state 22.The part of an enzyme or antibody where the chemical reaction occurs. - Correct answer Active Site 23.Reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction - Correct answer Substrate 24.Enzymes have a high affinity or high degree of specificity for a substrate - Correct answer Substrate Binding 25.Change in the shape of an enzyme's active site that enhances the fit between the active site and its substrate(s) - Correct answer Induced Fit Model 26.Any nonprotein molecule or ion that is required for the proper functioning of an enzyme - Correct answer Cofactors 27.Help organize enzyme structure or assist catalyst - Correct answer Metal Ions P a g e 2 | 8 57.A fluid-filled interior space enclosed by the thylakoid membrane; thylakoids stack on top of each other to form a granum - Correct answer Thylakoid Lumen 58.Fluid portion of the chloroplast; outside of the thylakoids - Correct answer Stroma 59.The range of a pigment's ability to absorb various wavelengths of light - Correct answer Absorption Spectrum 60.A graph that profiles the relative effectiveness of different wavelengths of radiation in driving a particular process - Correct answer Action Spectrum 61.One of two light-harvesting units of a chloroplast's thylakoid membrane; it uses the P680 reaction-center chlorophyll. - Correct answer Photosystem II 62.A light-capturing unit in a chloroplast's thylakoid membrane or in the membrane of some prokaryotes; it has two molecules of P700 chlorophyll a at its reaction center. - Correct answer Photosystem I 63.electrons move linearly from PSII to PSI and ultimately reduce NADP+ to NADPH - Correct answer Noncyclic Electron Flow 64.Uses only photosystem I and produces ATP, but not NADPH - Correct answer Cyclic Electron Flow 65.Reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugars - Correct answer Calvin Cycle 66.The incorporation of CO2 into ribulose bisphosphate using rubisco - Correct answer Carbon Fixation 67.Second stage of the Calvin cycle, ATP is used to convert 3-phosphoglycerate to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate and electrons from NADPH reduce 1,3- bisphosphoglycerate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. Two of the molecules are used for carbohydrate production. - Correct answer Reduction and Carbohydrate Production 68. In the process of carbon fixation, RuBP attaches a CO2 to produce a six- carbon molecule, which is then split to produce two molecules of 3- phosphoglycerate; RuBP can serve as an acceptor for CO2 continuing the cycle - Correct answer Regeneration of RuBP P a g e 5 | 8 69.Chemical factors that determine traits and are passed from generation to generation - Correct answer Genes 70.Different forms of a gene - Correct answer Alleles 71.Genetic composition of an individual - Correct answer Genotype 72.An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits. - Correct answer Phenotype 73.The two copies of a gene segregate from each other during transmission from parent to offspring - Correct answer Mendel's Law of Segregation 74.Alleles of different genes segregate independently of each other during sexual reproduction - Correct answer Law of Independent Assortment 75.A basic principle in biology stating that genes are located on chromosomes and that the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis accounts for inheritance patterns. - Correct answer Chromosome Theory of Inheritance 76.Location of a gene on a chromosome - Correct answer Locus 77.Examines the presence of human traits over the course of a few generations - Correct answer Pedigree Analysis 78.Chromosomes that are not directly involved in determining the sex of an individual - Correct answer Autosomes 79.Chromosomes that determine the sex of an individual; X and Y chromosomes - Correct answer Sex Chromosomes 80.Prevalent allele in a population; usually encodes a protein that is made in the proper amount and functions normally - Correct answer Wild-Type Allele 81.Alleles that have been altered by mutation - Correct answer Mutant Alleles 82.Situation in which one allele is not completely dominant over another allele - Correct answer Incomplete Dominance 83.A single trait is controlled by 2 or more genes, each of which has 2 or more alleles - Correct answer Gene Interaction 84.The alleles of one gene mask the effects of alleles of another gene - Correct answer Epistasis P a g e 6 | 8 85.Traits that are clearly different from each other - Correct answer Discrete Traits 86.Traits that are measured on a continuous numeric scale - Correct answer Quantitative Traits 87.The inheritance of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus but instead in the mitochondria and chloroplast - Correct answer Extranuclear Inheritance 88.Basic units of DNA molecule; composed of a sugar, a phosphate, and one of 4 DNA bases - Correct answer Nucleotides 89.A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes; contains phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar and nitrogenous base - Correct answer DNA 90.A single-stranded nucleic acid that passes along genetic messages; contains phosphate group, ribose sugar and nitrogenous base - Correct answer RNA 91.Method of DNA replication in which parental strands separate, act as templates, and produce molecules of DNA with one parental DNA strand and one new DNA strand - Correct answer Semiconservative Replication 92.The parental molecule serves as a template for the synthesis of an entirely new molecule - Correct answer Conservative Replication 93.A disproved model of DNA synthesis suggesting more or less random interspersion of parental and new segments in daughter DNA molecules - Correct answer Dispersive Replication 94.Area where the double helix separates; where replication occurs - Correct answer Replication Forks 95.An enzyme that joins RNA nucleotides to make the primer - Correct answer Primase 96.An enzyme that unwinds the DNA double helix during DNA replication - Correct answer DNA helicase 97.Relieves additional coiling ahead of replication fork - Correct answer DNA Topoisomerase P a g e 7 | 8