Fundamentals of Energy and Biochemistry, Exams of Biology

Download Fundamentals of Energy and Biochemistry and more Exams Biology in PDF only on Docsity! BIOL 1P9 1 Final Exam 107 Questions with Verified Solutions. All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism - Correct answer Metabolism The process by which one or more substances change to produce one or more different substances - Correct answer Chemical Reaction 1. Provide organic materials needed to maintain cells and support growth of new cells and tissues 2. Provides a source of energy to promote chemical reactions that cannot occur without an input of energy - Correct answer Purpose of Food The ability to do work - Correct answer Energy Energy of motion - Correct answer Kinetic Energy Stored energy that results from the position or shape of an object - Correct answer Potential Energy A form of potential energy that is stored in chemical bonds between atoms. - Correct answer Chemical Energy The study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter. - Correct answer Thermodynamics Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed. - Correct answer First Law of Thermodynamics Energy can be transformed from one form into another or transferred from one region to another, but energy cannot be created or destroyed - Correct answer Law of Conservation of Energy Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe. - Correct answer Second Law of Thermodynamics Degree of disorder; to make something happen, degree of disorder in universe must increase - Correct answer Entropy Can be used to do work; the less unusable energy, the faster things can be done - Correct answer Usable Energy Energy that is available to do work - Correct answer Free Energy Occur without input of additional energy; not necessarily fast; key factor is the free energy change - Correct answer Spontaneous Reactions A chemical reaction that releases energy - Correct answer Exergonic Reaction A chemical reaction that doesn't release energy - Correct answer Endergonic Reaction A state of balance in which the rate of a forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction and the concentrations of products and reactants remain unchanged - Correct answer Chemical Equilibrium Substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction - Correct answer Catalyst Proteins that act as biological catalysts - Correct answer Enzymes Initial input of energy to start a reaction - Correct answer Activation Energy States were original bonds have stretched to their limit and chemical reaction can readily proceed to the formation of products - Correct answer Transition state The part of an enzyme or antibody where the chemical reaction occurs. - Correct answer Active Site Reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction - Correct answer Substrate Enzymes have a high affinity or high degree of specificity for a substrate - Correct answer Substrate Binding Change in the shape of an enzyme's active site that enhances the fit between the active site and its substrate(s) - Correct answer Induced Fit Model Any nonprotein molecule or ion that is required for the proper functioning of an enzyme - Correct answer Cofactors Help organize enzyme structure or assist catalyst - Correct answer Metal Ions Associate transiently and usually help w/group transfers or electron transfers - Correct answer Coenzymes A non-protein, but organic, molecule (such as vitamin) that is covalently bound to an enzyme as part of the active site. - Correct answer Prosthetic Group Breakdown of molecules - Correct answer Catabolic Reactions Synthesis of larger molecules from smaller ones - Correct answer Anabolic Reactions electrons move linearly from PSII to PSI and ultimately reduce NADP+ to NADPH - Correct answer Noncyclic Electron Flow Uses only photosystem I and produces ATP, but not NADPH - Correct answer Cyclic Electron Flow Reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugars - Correct answer Calvin Cycle The incorporation of CO2 into ribulose bisphosphate using rubisco - Correct answer Carbon Fixation Second stage of the Calvin cycle, ATP is used to convert 3-phosphoglycerate to 1,3- bisphosphoglycerate and electrons from NADPH reduce 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. Two of the molecules are used for carbohydrate production. - Correct answer Reduction and Carbohydrate Production In the process of carbon fixation, RuBP attaches a CO2 to produce a six-carbon molecule, which is then split to produce two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate; RuBP can serve as an acceptor for CO2 continuing the cycle - Correct answer Regeneration of RuBP Chemical factors that determine traits and are passed from generation to generation - Correct answer Genes Different forms of a gene - Correct answer Alleles Genetic composition of an individual - Correct answer Genotype An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits. - Correct answer Phenotype The two copies of a gene segregate from each other during transmission from parent to offspring - Correct answer Mendel's Law of Segregation Alleles of different genes segregate independently of each other during sexual reproduction - Correct answer Law of Independent Assortment A basic principle in biology stating that genes are located on chromosomes and that the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis accounts for inheritance patterns. - Correct answer Chromosome Theory of Inheritance Location of a gene on a chromosome - Correct answer Locus Examines the presence of human traits over the course of a few generations - Correct answer Pedigree Analysis Chromosomes that are not directly involved in determining the sex of an individual - Correct answer Autosomes Chromosomes that determine the sex of an individual; X and Y chromosomes - Correct answer Sex Chromosomes Prevalent allele in a population; usually encodes a protein that is made in the proper amount and functions normally - Correct answer Wild-Type Allele Alleles that have been altered by mutation - Correct answer Mutant Alleles Situation in which one allele is not completely dominant over another allele - Correct answer Incomplete Dominance A single trait is controlled by 2 or more genes, each of which has 2 or more alleles - Correct answer Gene Interaction The alleles of one gene mask the effects of alleles of another gene - Correct answer Epistasis Traits that are clearly different from each other - Correct answer Discrete Traits Traits that are measured on a continuous numeric scale - Correct answer Quantitative Traits The inheritance of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus but instead in the mitochondria and chloroplast - Correct answer Extranuclear Inheritance Basic units of DNA molecule; composed of a sugar, a phosphate, and one of 4 DNA bases - Correct answer Nucleotides A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes; contains phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar and nitrogenous base - Correct answer DNA A single-stranded nucleic acid that passes along genetic messages; contains phosphate group, ribose sugar and nitrogenous base - Correct answer RNA Method of DNA replication in which parental strands separate, act as templates, and produce molecules of DNA with one parental DNA strand and one new DNA strand - Correct answer Semiconservative Replication The parental molecule serves as a template for the synthesis of an entirely new molecule - Correct answer Conservative Replication A disproved model of DNA synthesis suggesting more or less random interspersion of parental and new segments in daughter DNA molecules - Correct answer Dispersive Replication Area where the double helix separates; where replication occurs - Correct answer Replication Forks An enzyme that joins RNA nucleotides to make the primer - Correct answer Primase An enzyme that unwinds the DNA double helix during DNA replication - Correct answer DNA helicase Relieves additional coiling ahead of replication fork - Correct answer DNA Topoisomerase Keep parental strands open to act as templates - Correct answer Single-Strand Binding Proteins Enzyme involved in DNA replication that joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule - Correct answer DNA Polymerase An enzyme that eventually joins the sugar-phosphate backbones of the Okazaki fragments; used after the removal of RNA and its replacement with DNA - Correct answer DNA Ligase Series of short nucleotide sequences repeated at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes; telomere at 3' does not have a complementary strand and is called 3' overhang - Correct answer Telomeres Transcribed to produce an mRNA that specifies the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide - Correct answer Structural Genes The DNA strand that provides the template for ordering the sequence of nucleotides in an mRNA transcript - Correct answer Template Strand(Noncoding Strand) The strand of DNA that is not used for transcription and is identical in sequence to mRNA, except it contains uracil instead of thymine - Correct answer Coding Strand The process of removing introns and reconnecting exons in a pre-mRNA - Correct answer Splicing Three-base sequence in a transfer RNA molecule base that pairs with a complementary codon in mRNA - Correct answer Anticodons On an mRNA, the triplet grouping of ribonucleotides used by the translation machinery during polypeptide synthesis - Correct answer Reading Frame