BIOL 237 Final Exam Review - A&P Updated 2022-2023, Exams of Biology

Download BIOL 237 Final Exam Review - A&P Updated 2022-2023 and more Exams Biology in PDF only on Docsity! Final Review | 1 1 raise the hair follicles to produce “goosebumps” on the surface of the skin arrector pili muscles “upper motor neurons” originate in the: Pre-central gyrus A is a tendinous structure that prevents the displacement of other tendons or ligaments and holds them in their normal positions Retinaculum A demyelination disorder of the CNS which results in impaired and disrupted conduction along axons is: Multiple sclerosis A lumbar vertebra ossifies from pre-existing model of: hyaline cartilage A multipolar neuron has: Many dendrites and only one axon attached to the cell body A muscle contracts, producing a reflex. The reflex would be . Tendon A process which controls a parameter within a narrow range will utilize: Negative feedback A reduction in this hormone is the cause of post-menopausal : Estrogen A reduction of this hormone causes dwarfism Hypersecretion of GH A sack made of synovial membrane which lies between tendons, ligaments, and nearby bones is called: bursa A small local depolarization or hyperpolarization is known as: All the above A syndesmosis is actually a small which connects bones in a non-movable way. ligament A syndesmosis is actually a small which connects bones in a non-movable way. ligament A tract with the name vestibulospinal would be Descending and motor A voluntary stimulus to pucker the lips originates in the Inferior pre-central gyrus Final Review | 2 2 Adheres to the basement membrane Hemidesmosome Adipose tissue located in the would be used to determine nutritional condition at time of death. Yellow marrow All epithelial cells have: a basement membrane; cell junctions All of the previous functions except vasodilation to the skeletal muscles are: Adrenergic beta All ribs articulate with the Thoracic vertebrae All true diarthrotic joints have a joint capsule composed of: Synovial membrane Allows ions ot pass between cells Gap junctions An action potential is generated on the sarcolemma by which event of the following: Opening of the voltage-gated sodium channels. An epidural anesthetic is applied outside the dura mater An epidural injection of anesthetic would be administered Outside the dura mater An excess or abuse of this hormone can lead to acromegaly and sometimes pituitary diabetes Growth hormone An increase in this hormone is the cause of excessive growth gigantisim Hypersecretion of GH An interneuron in a withdrawal reflex would send a fiber through this tract Spinothalamic tract An IPSP occurring at the same time which prevents the above from reaching threshold produces a condition known as: Inhibition As a direct result of Ca+2 binding to troponin: The troponin-tropomyosin complex shifts, exposing the active sites on actin. As a result of an autonomic ganglion located the is able to produce mass activation In a lateral chain or plexus, sympathetic division As a result of threshold depolarization at the neuromuscular junction, what happens on the adjacent sarcolema Opening of the voltage-gated sodium channels Final Review | 5 5 Canals that lie at right angles to the long axis of the bone and connect the blood and nerve supply of the periosteum to the central canal and medullary cavity are known as: Volkmann's canals Center for control of the heart and blood pressure Medulla oblongata Cerebrospinal fluid is a filtrate from the capillaries of the: Chroid plexus Cerebrospinal fluid is absorbed from the Arachnoid villi Cerebrospinal fluid is found in which of the following Central canal of spinal cord, subdural space and subarachnoid space Channels called connexons are the primary structural component in Gap junctions Chondrocytes are found within fluid-filled spaces called: lacunae Collagen fibers which run from the fibrous bone covering into the bone itself are called: Sharpey's fibers Constriction of the pupil Parasympathetic division Constriction of vessels leading to the GI tract Sympathetic division Contain vesicles of neurotransmitter Secretory region Controls the heart al all times in the absence of stress Vagus Controls the later rectus muscle of the eye Abducens Controls the medial rectus muscle of the eye Oculomotor Copious secretion of sweat in thermoregulation is: Sympathetic Cranial bones start out as a: fibrous connective tissue membrane Curare acts as a muscle relaxant by competing with this process: Acetylcholine binding to post- synaptic receptors on the sarcolemma Destination is on the other side of the brain from the origin of sensory stimuli Fasciculus gracilis and cuneatus (considered as a single tract, spinothalamic tract Final Review | 6 6 Dilation of vessels leading to the skeletal muscles Sympathetic division Endochondal ossification begins with: Fibrous connective tissue Endochondal ossification occurs in all the following except the: Cranial bones Endochondral ossification begins at about in the developing embryo. 8 weeks Excitatory receptors at the eccrine sweat glands Adrenergic alpha Excitatory receptors on the heart Adrenergic beta Facilitates reflexes, expecially those that involve repetitive movements of a skilled nature. Basal nuclei Fibers in the corticospinal tract are known as Upper motor neurons Fibers of the carry stimuli from the motor cortex to the corticospinal Internal capsule Fibers which cross in the pyramids are concerned with: Motor control on the opposite side of the body from their origin Fibers which hold cells together laterally Keratin filaments First order neuron is unipolar neuron Fasciculus gracilis and cuneatus (considered as a single tract, spinocerebellar, spinothalamic tract All of the above Forceful contraction of GI sphincter muscles along with inhibition of motility in other GI muscles Sympathetic division Functions such as emotional motor responses and short term memory both reside in the: Limbic system Give one specific area of the body where thick skin is found. Be specific. One word is sufficient. Spelling counts! Equals palm (100%) Equals sole (100%) Equals bottom of foot (100%) Final Review | 7 7 Give one specific area of the body which has non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. Contains mouth (100%) Contains esophagus (100%) Contains anus (100%) Contains vagina (100%) Contains oral (100%) Contains anal (100%) Glaucoma is due to excessive pressure in which of these? Aqueous humor Goblet cells are an important functional cell in: Mucous membranes. Goblet cells are functionally important to: mucous membranes High frequency stimuli result from: A stimulus of high intensity on the body’s soma High serum calcium levels and low levels of PTH characterize: Post-menopausal osteoporosis If many EPSPs from different neurons all add together to produce threshold , the type of summation which is occurring is: Spatial If one input to a reflex releases a depolarizing neurotrarnsimitter with a high frequency it could result in at the receptive region of the receiving neuron Temporal summation If several inputs to a reflex pathway each produce simultaneous sub-threshold depolarizations, it could result in at the receptirve region of the receiving neuron Spatial summation If the information transmitted is from pain in the jaw, it will ultimately reach the: inferior post-central gyrus If the nerve is blocked you would lose sensation from the external gentilaia Pudendal If this nerve is damaged you could not breathe on your own Phrenic Impulses from the retina of one eye travel to the Visual cortex on both sides of the brain In addition to the articular capsule, what other structures possess a synovial membrane Bursae and tendon sheaths Final Review | 10 10 Multipolar neurons function as #2 and #3 only Muscle spindles would send signals through this tract Fasciculus gracilis and cuneatus (considered as a single tract, spinocerebellar Nervous tissue is derived from which embryonic germ layer: ectoderm Non-keratinized skin is found in the: Lining of the mouth; Lining of the vagina. Olfactory nerves pass through the of the on their way to the brain. cribriform plate, ethmoid bone Once an action potential is generated, another cannot be generated until the ion gates returns to the following configuration Na+ activaition gate closed, Na+ inactiviation gate open, K+ gate closed Once completely hardened, osteoprogenitor cells must come from the for bone repair. periosteum Opening of the chemically-gated K+ channels would produce: Both #2 and #4 Organs are groupings composed of which work together. tissues Ossification begins at about in the developing embryo. 8 weeks Osteoclasts are derived at some point from: mesenchyme cells; monocytes osteoclasts are stimulated by: parathyroid hormone Pain stimuli Post-central gyrus Part of brain in which advance planning an reasoning occurs Pre-frontal cortex Part of the brain involved in functions which are part voluntary and part involuntary, such as urination Pons Part of the sensory component of cardiac control Vagus, glossopharyngeal Personality as well as advance planning of motor functions resides in the: Pre-frontal lobes Final Review | 11 11 Post-menopausal osteoporosis is characterized by calcium in the blood. Higher than normal Post-menopausal osteoporosis is characterized by parathyroid hormone in the blood. Lower than normal Primary muscle for abducting the thigh: gluteus minimus and medius gracilis Primary muscle for extending the knee: rectus femoris Primary muscle for flexing the thigh: gluteus maximus Prior sub-threshold depolarization of a reflex pathway produces: Facilitation Prior sub-threshold hyperpolarization of a reflex pathway produces: Inhibition Produces salivation Glossopharyngeal, facial Produces secretion of GI tract glands Vagus Receptors which cause focusing of the lens for near objects Cholinergic muscarinic Receptors which dilate vessels leading to the skeletal muscles Cholinergic muscarinic Receptors which mediate excitation of the heart in response to stress are: Adrenergic, beta Reflexes such as blinking and puilary reflex is centered n the Superior colliculi of corpora quadrigemina Release of epinephrine by the adrenal medulla Sympathetic division Repetive movements of a skilled nature are facilitated in the: Basal nuclei Rotation of the head would accompany Sternocleidomastoid working unilaterally Salivation Parasympathetic division Salutatory conduction makes impulse transmission faster in the Peripheral nerve Scar tissue is the repair seen in: areolar tissue; tendons and ligaments Final Review | 12 12 Secretion of apocrine glands in sexual arousal is: Sympathetic Secretion of eccrine glands in thermoregulation is: Sympathetic Senile (age-related) osteoporosis is characterized by calcium levels in the blood Lower than normal Senile (age-related) osteoporosis is characterized by parathyroid hormone in the blood. Higher than normal Sensory from the taste buds Glossopharyngeal, facial Skin is designated as thick if it: Has the stratum lucidum Slow twitch red fibers have: Answers A, B, And C only Spongy bone lacks: Haversian systems Starting in anatomical position, the hand is rotated so that the palm is down (or to the back). This movement is called: Pronation Stimulates secretion of glands and increase motility in the gastrointestinal tract Cholinergic muscarinic Sudoriferous glands are sweat glands Sympathetic stimulation of the eccrine sweat glands is through fibers Cholinergic, muscarinic The is the location of production of blood cells: red marrow The are fiber tracts connecting the thalamus to the cerebral cortex Corona radiata The are glands most important in thermoregulation eccrine sweat glands The are glands which secrete a viscous fluid containing pheromones apocrine sweat glands The are intracapsular ligaments which help to prevent anteroposterior displacement and twisting of the knee. anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments Final Review | 15 15 The conductive region is characterized by having: Votage-gated ion channels The conus medullaris is found at level what position in the vertebral column L2 The criterion for an area being the neuron receptive region is Possessing chemically-gated ion channels The crossed extensor reflex consists of: A withdrawal reflex on one side of the body and a tendon reflex on the other side The distal epiphyseal plate of long bones hardens at: early twenties The dorsiflexor muscles are innervated by this nerve Peroneal The erector spinae and soleus would have which of the following in common: both are important postural muscles, both have very large motor units (many cells), both are composed primarily of slow twitch red fibers, both utilize primarily aerobic metabolism The event which happens immediately after an as a result of calcium ions released into he axon is Exocytosis of neurotransimitter from pre-synaptic membrane The extraoptical and lumbrical muscles would have which of the following in common: both are important postural muscles, both have very large motor units (many cells), both are composed primarily of slow twitch red fibers, both utilize primarily aerobic metabolism The extrapyramidal tracts: Carry signals which go to the voluntary muscles, carry signals which are responsible for maintaining balance and muscle bone, Originate in a part of the brain The fibers which control the heart in the absence of stress come from the portion of the CNS as part of the division of the autonomic nervous system Cranial, parasympathetic Final Review | 16 16 The fibers which controls the heart at all times in the absence of stress are: Cholinergic, muscarinic The first cervical vertebra is called the: atlas The first location of ossification in long bones is the: diaphysis bone collar The first order neuron in every reflex pathway is: Unipolar The formation of amyloid plaques and tangles of tau protein are characteristics of Alzheimer’s disorder The gluteus minimus and sartorious are synnergists for what function? abduction of the thigh The hierarchy organization which produces body systems results in specialization. increasing The hormone responsible for calcium homeostasis is Parathyroid hormone The hormone which is thought to stimulate uptake of calcium into bone tissue in children Calcitonin The hormone, present in both male and females is important for bone maintenance and remodeling Estrogen The intensity of a stimulus corresponds to; The frequency of sensory stimuli The intervertebral disks are composed of: fibrocartilage The intervertebral disks are what type of joint, classified by movement? amphiarthrosis The intervertebral disks are which type of joint classified according to structure? cartilaginous The joint between the atlas and axis is a joint with the movement performed called . uniaxial, rotation The joint between the atlas and axis is a: pivot joint The large anterior fontanel hardens at: 1.5 to 2 years after birth The last location within a long bone of cartilage formation is the: epiphyseal plate Final Review | 17 17 The last location within a long bone to harden is the Distal epiphyseal plate The lattisumus dorsi and teres major act antagonistically to the: All the members of the rotator cuff muscle group The least common of the following tissues is: elastic cartilage The lumbar vertebra ossifies from pre-existing model of: Hyaline cartilage The melanocytes are part of which layer stratum basale The most agressive skin cancer is: malignant melanoma The most common of the cartilage is: Hyaline cartilage The most complex (has the most components) of the epithelial membranes is the: mucous membrane The most important action of the rectus femoris muscle is on the Tibia The most important hormone in calcium homeostasis in adults is: PTH The movement of the foot in which the sole is turned inward is correctly termed: inversion The myeloid tissue responsible for hematopoiesis is found in the: Red marrow The neuron carrying an impulse from the thalamus to the cerebral cortex travels in the: corona radiate The occipital condyles articulate with superior surfaces on the: atlas The olfactory nerves pass through holes in the on their way to the olfactory bulb of the brain. cribriform plate The olfactory nerves pass through the of the on their way to the brain. cribriform plate, ethmoid bone The part of the brain malfunctioning in dyslexia is the: Wernicke’s area The patellar ligament connect the patella to Tibia Final Review | 20 20 The type of osteoporosis related to excess parathyroid hormone secretion is: senile The type of smooth muscle in which an impulse passes through a large number of cells which subsequently contract in synchrony is: Single unit smooth muscle The type of synovial joint created by the articulation of the metacarpal of the e and the trapezium is a joint. saddle The type(s) of muscle which have myogenic cells: cardiac muscle; smooth muscle The types of muscle which exhibit striations are: cardiac muscle; skeletal muscle The unit of structure of cortical bone tissue is the: osteon The upper motor neurons originate in the: Pre-central gyrus The very last cranial region to harden is the: wormian bones, fontanels (anterior) These cells are stimulated by parathryroid hormone. osteoclasts This area contains only chemically gated ion channels Receptive region This area is the axon hillock of multipolar neurons Trigger region This area is the long process of the axon Conductive region This area possesses only voltage gated ion channels Conductive region This hormone stimulates osteoclastic activity. parathyroid hormone (PTH) This hormones stimulates closure (hardening) of the epihyseal plates and end to growth of the long bones. estrogen This nerve comes from the lumbar plexus Obturator Threshold depolarization will result in an action potential when it occurs at Voltage-gated ions channels only Final Review | 21 21 True or False: the "Hamstrings" are made up of the semitendinosus, the semimembranosus, and the biceps brachii. False True or False: the gastrocnemius is a synnergist to the soleus True Unmyelinated fiber, synapses, and cell bodies in the brain and spinal cord are located in: Gray matter Vasodilation of blood vessels leading to the skeletal muscles, heart, lungs, and skin is: Sympathetic Visual stimuli will reach the: visual cortex, pineal gland, superior colliculi, thalamus Visual stimuli would travel to which of the following: Occipital cortex, superior colliculi fo the midbrain, thalamus All of the above What causes the actin-myosin crossbridges to attach and then swivel? calcium is released into the sarcoplasm What component of the bone matrix is most important in providing resistance to stress? Organic materials What event causes depolarization of the sarcolemma at the neuromuscular junction? Opening of the chemically-gated sodium channels What event causes opening of the chemically- gated Na+ channels? Acetylcholine binds to post-synaptic receptors on the sarcolemma. What event causes opening of the chemically- gated Na+ channels? Acetylcholine binds to post-synaptic receptors on the sarcolemma What event causes repolarization of the sarcolemma Opening of potassium channels What hormone regulates metabolism in most cells Thyroxine (T4) and (T3) What is the first major stage of repairing in simple fractures Hematoma formation Fibrocartilagious callus formation Bony callus formation Bone remodeling Final Review | 22 22 What is the first thing that happens when an impulse reaches the axon terminus of a neuromuscular junction? Calcium ions enter the axon What is the function of the nasal conchae Increase the surface area of the nasal lining What is the function of the paranasal sinuses Make the bone lighter What is the most important in supporting the shoulder while allowing great range of motion Muscles What is the name of the injury where the fibrous tissue in syndesmosis stretches or tears. Separation What is the name of the joint injury when a bone becomes dislocated from its position in the socket of the joint Luxation What is the name of the joint injury when a ligament is torn Sprain What is the name of the ligament which holds the head of the femur in position? Answer is two words. ligamentum teres What is the name of the muscle injury when a muscled is pulled Strain What is the name of the projection from the ethmoid bone into the cranial cavity? This is a two-word answer. Spelling counts! Equals crista galli (100%) What is the next thing which happens after an impulse enters the T tubules? Calcium ions enter the sarcoplasm from the sarcoplasmic reticulum What muscle fixates the foot in a plantar flexed position during standing? Soleus What muscle plantar-flexes the foot? Gastrocnemius; fibularis (peroneus) longus What two parts come together to produce the hinge joint at the elbow Trochlea and semilunar notch What type of arthritis involves the greatest degree of inflammation and disability? Rheumatoid arthritis Final Review | 25 25 Which muscle is NOT a member of the rotator cuff Teres major Which muscle is the antagonist of the gluteus maximus Iliopsoas Which muscle listed is not a member of the rotator cuff muscles Teres major Which muscles are agonist and antagonist for thigh flexion Iliopsoas, gluteus maximus Which muscles are the agonist and antagonist for head flexion? sternocleidomastoid-splenius capitus Which muscles are the agonist and antagonist for shoulder abduction Deltoid, pectoralis major Which of the following binds calcium ions: 1 and 2, but not 3 Which of the following can exhibit flexion and extension? condyloid joint, hinge joint, ball-and- socket joint Which of the following contains the pituitary gland? Sella turcica Which of the following correctly describes a pathway for anterior thigh pain: Femoral nerve, lumbar plexus, spinothalamic tr. Which of the following does not articulate with any other bone? hyoid bone Which of the following exhibits endochondral ossification? the vertebrae; the scapulae; the ribs, Which of the following forms the structure of the intervertebral disks Fibrocartilage Which of the following has intracapsular ligaments: Knee and hip Which of the following is a receptor for discriminative touch Merkel nerve endings Which of the following is a receptor for non- discriminative touch? Meissner's corpuscles Which of the following is important in cells which must secrete and absorb substances? Microvilli Final Review | 26 26 Which of the following is important in preventing tendons from moving out of their normal position Retinaculum Which of the following is important in preventing water loss from the skin Sebaceous glands Which of the following is important in thermoregulation Eccrine glands Which of the following is most poorly supplied with blood vessels: fibrous connective tissue Which of the following is NOT one of the basic tissue types into which all other tissues fall: Loose Which of the following is responsible for crude (non-discriminative) touch? Meissner's corpuscle Which of the following is responsible for responding to deep pressure and vibration Pacinian corbuscles Which of the following secretes pheromones? apocrine sweat glands Which of the following tissues is well vascularized and experiences true parenchymal repair? Bone; adipose; areolor Which of the following tracts does not send impulses ultimately to the cerebral cortex Spinocerebellar tract Which of the following tracts has first order second order and third order neurons Both #2 and #3 Which of the following tracts is responsible for conscious Both #2 and #3 Which of these has all of the color receptors? Fovea centralis Which of these is NOT one of the paranasal sinuses? mastoid sinus Which of these is the area of sharpest vision? Fovea centralis Final Review | 27 27 Which of these produces the myelin sheath in nerves: Schwann cells Which part of the brain initiates skeletal muscle contraction: A)Pre-central gyrus B)Pre-motor area C)Broca’s area D) Basal nuclei E) Pyramids Which part of the eye is most important in bending the light rays? Cornea Which sensory mode has receptors which replace themselves over time? Olfaction, taste Which set of movements occurs at a pivot joint: supination-pronation Which substance is most important in hydration of connective tissues: Proteoglycans Which tissue forms the symphysis pubis? Fibrocartilage Which tissue is found as the stroma of soft organs? Reticular ct Which tissue is found in the epiglottis? Elastic cartilage Which tissue is important in being an insulator and shock absorber for the organs? Adipose tissue Which tissue lines most of the gastrointestinal tract? simple columnar Which tissue principally lines the respiratory tract? Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium Which tissue(s) are found in the dermis? Areolar ct, dense irregular Which tracts have third order neurons? Spinothalamic, Fasciculus gracilis Which two of these are found in the dermis of the skin and in mucous membranes? Areolar, Dense irregular Which type of arthritis involves the greatest deree of inflammation and disability? Rheumatoid arthritis Final Review | 30 30 Found in the intervertebral disks fibrocartilage Produces the articular cartilage found at the ends of bones hyaline cartilage The best vascularized of the tissues listed above areolar connective The tissue which allows arteries to have flexible walls elastic connective tissue The tissue which makes up tendons and ligaments fibrous connective tissue the most abundant connective tissue areolar normally the the most abundant lining in the respiratory tract p.c.c.e. tendons are made of this type dense regular comprises the deep dermis dense irregular stretchable epithelium transitional An intracapsular ligament which helps to prevent posterior sliding of the femur against the . anterior cruciate ligament, An intracapsular structure which cushions the joint meniscus Both the knee and elbow have this to prevent medial or lateral movement collateral ligament Ligament which helps to stabilize the head of the femur ligamentum teres One of these helps prevents the patella from moving laterally out of position retinaculum This helps reduce friction when tendons and ligaments move against one another bursa Final Review | 31 31 found in symphysis pubis fibrocartilage found in the epiglottis and ear elastic cartilage found as costal cartilage hyaline cartilage all connective tissues are derived from this mesenchyme a lining and covering membrane serosa Allows ions to pass between cells. gap junction Called the zona occludens because it blocks passage of substances between cells. tight junction Called macula adherens because they are like spot welds which adhere cells together. desmosome fibers which hold cells together laterally keratin filaments adheres cells to the basement membrane hemidesmosome This layer is found only in the skin of the palms and soles Stratum lucidum This layer consists of dead, flattened keratinized cells which constantly exfoliate Stratum corneum Keratin and keratohyalne accumulate in granules of cells in this later Stratum granulosum This layer is called the spine layer due to numerous fibers connecting its cells Stratum spinosum These cells are the source of new keratinociytes (skin cells) Stratum basale This is an area of dermis surrounded by epidermis Dermal papilla This cell spreads among the bas cells to secrete melanin Melanocyte Final Review | 32 32 gap junction osteocytes use this to exchange calcium ions hemidesmosom e these connect epithelium to its basement membrane desmosome also known as macula adherens, these prevent cells in the epidermis and other tissues from pulling apart tight junctions block or partially block the transport of molecules between cells in a semipermeable membrane zona adherens these are small junctions for attaching cells together gap junction osteocytes use this to exchange calcium ions hemidesmosom e these connect epithelium to its basement membrane serratus anterior protracts the scapula, as in throwing a punch. rhomboid major and minor Adducts and fixates the scapula. infraspinatus The only muscle of the group which does not move the scapula. levator scapulae Instrumental in shrugging the shoulder. trapezius Retracts and fixates the scapula if the head is fixed. sternocleidomas toid Acting bilaterally with its pair it protracts and flexes the head. splenius capitus Acting bilaterally with its pair it extends the head and neck. scalenes Elevates the ribcage in forced inspiration if head is fixed. trapezius The upper portion of this muscle extends the head only if the scapula is fixed. temporalis Elevates the mandible to close the jaw. pectoralis major The primary adductor of the humerus. latisimus dorsi A back muscle which adducts and medially rotates the humerus. teres minor Adducts and laterally rotates the humerus. supraspinatus A rotator cuff muslce which also abducts the humerus. deltoid The primary abductor of the shoulder joint. extensor carpi radialis longus Inflammation of the origin of this muscle on the lateral epicondyle of the humerus produces "tennis elbow". Final Review | 35 35 Also called keratinocytes due to the large number of keratin fibers which anchor them together E This is a specialized phagocytic cell A A cell derived from neurons C These cells are dead D This cell responds to fine, discriminative touch B Final Review | 36 36 The layer containing most glands E and receptors The layer which constantly A exfoliates. Its cells contain numerous keratin C filaments. This layer undergoes constant D mitosis. Its cells contain condensed keratin B granules. Final Review | 37 37 The layer missing from thin skin. B The layer which constantly A exfoliates. Its cells contain numerous D keratin filaments. This layer undergoes constant E mitosis. Its cells contain dense keratin C granules. Final Review | 40 40 Final Review | 41 41 Final Review | 42 42 Haversian A canal Lacuna B Canaliculi C Final Review | 45 45 A glenoid fossa B coracoid process C spinous process D subscapular fossa E acromion Final Review | 46 46 A parietal bone B sphenoid bone C lacrimal bone D zygomatic arch E zygomatic bone Final Review | 47 47 A hard palate of maxilla B vomer bone C zygomatic arch D occipital condyle E foramen magnum Final Review | 50 50 A head of radius B radial tuberosity C interosseus membrane D coronoid process E trochlear notch F olecranon process Final Review | 51 51 State ment Response A greater trochanter styloid process G Final Review | 52 52 State ment Response B head of femur C anatomical neck D lesser trochanter E linea aspera F medial epicondyle G patellar articular surface H medial condyle I intercondylar notch State ment Response A iliac crest B greater sciatic notch C ischial tuberosity D acetabulum E pubic crest Final Review | 55 55 flexion The agonist for plantar flexion inserts on the: calcaneus tendon Final Review | 56 56 medial collateral ligament G 12. 5% tibial tuberosity H 12. 5% medial retinaculum lateral collateral ligament lateral retinaculum tendon of rectus femoris F 12. 5% D 12. 5% C 12. 5% A 12. 5% patella B 12. 5% patellar ligament E 12. 5% Final Review | 57 57 tendon of the biceps brachii F 10. 0% lateral epicondyle G 10. 0% lateral collateral ligament H 10. 0% annular ligament I 10. 0% radial tubercle J 10. 0% bursa A 10. 0% tendon of the triceps brachii B 10. 0% olecranon process C 10. 0% trochlea D 10. 0% synovial membrane of joint capsule E 10. 0% Final Review | 60 60 serratus A anterior rectus B abdominus external C oblique transverse D abdominus internal oblique E Final Review | 61 61 1. The stratum lucidum. B 2. This layer undergoes constant mitosis to replace the cells above it. E 3. Keratin and keratohyaline accumulate in granules of cells in this layer. C 4. This area represents a dermal papilla. F 5. This cell secretes melanin. G 6. This layer is called the stratum spinosum D 7. This layer is constantly exfoliating. A Final Review | 62 62 brachioradial A is pronator B teres palmaris C longus flexor carpi D ulnaris flexor carpi E radialis Final Review | 65 65 trapezius Inserts on E infraspinatus Lies below C coracobrachialis Originates on B supraspinatus Lies above C subscapularis Lies in fossa D Final Review | 66 66 sternocleidom A astoid deltoid B Final Review | 67 67 pectoralis C major pectoralis D minor coracobrachia E lis Final Review | 70 70 A Gastrocnemius B Soleus C Fibularis longus D Tibialias anterior Final Review | 71 71 E Extensor digitorum longus Thao Tran Section 001 Spinal Tracts Assignment Name of Tract (3 Sensory, 1 Motor) Information Carried and Destination 1o, 2 o, 3 o with pathway The Spinocerebellar Tract Carries unconscious proprioception (muscle spindles and tendon receptors) to the cerebellum. 1º is the unipolar sensory neuron which synapses with the second order neuron in the spinal gray matter. The 2º neuron travels on the spinocerebellar tract to the cerebellum. They either do not cross or they cross and recross so that they end up in the cerebellum on the same side as the stimulus. The Spinothalamic Tract Carry conscious pain, temperature, crude touch and pressure to the thalamus of the brain and the terminate in the areas of the cerebral cortex. Begin with 1º unipolar sensory neuron from pain, temperature, touch and pressure receptors. The 2º neuron begins in the spinal gray matter from its synapse with 1º and crosses to the other side of the chord and travels in the tract to the thalamus. In the thalamus, where senses are relayed to the appropriate destinations, the 2º degree neuron synapses with the 3º degree neuron which travels to the cerebral cortex where the conscious senses are perceived. Final Review | 72 72 Fasciculus Gracilis and Cuneatus Carry discriminative touch and conscious proprioception to Gracilis. 1º unipolar sensory neurons continue uncrossed to the medulla oblongata where they synapse onto 2º neurons. The 2º neurons cross in the medulla and continue on to the thalamus where they synpase with 3º neurons. The 3º neurons carry the received signals to the cerebral cortex where the sensory signals are interpreted. The Corticospinal Tracts Carry voluntary motor stimuli from the primary motor area of the cortex, the pre-central gyrus, to the motor neurons originating the ventral horn of the gray matter of the spinal cord; carry motor impulses to the motor neurons which innervate skeletal muscles. Upper motor neurons synapse with the lower motor neurons which run from the gray matter of the spinal cord to the muscles through the nerves (innervating skeletal muscles). NAME OF AREA FUNCTION OF AREA A Occipital lobe The occipital lobes are the center of our visual perception system. B Parietal Lobe The first function integrates sensory information to form a single perception (cognition). The second function constructs a spatial coordinate system to represent the world around us.