BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest, Exams of Nursing

Download BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ CHAPTER 1: An Invitation to Social Psychology MULTIPLE CHOICE  Social psychologists differ from personality psychologists because social psychologists tend to a. rely primarily on correlational research. b. argue that genetics do not exert causal effects on social behavior. c. examine the influence of situations on behaviors. d. stress individual differences in behavior. ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: Characterizing Social Psychology OBJ: Factual  Which of the following is LEAST characteristic of the goals of social psychology? a. understanding how people in different cultures think, feel, and behave b. understanding how people control each others’ behaviors c. evaluating the accuracy of folk theories about how situations influence behavior d. understanding how personality traits predispose people to respond to social situations ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: Characterizing Social Psychology OBJ: Conceptual  Jacquie and Karen are both interested in the topic of divorce. Jacquie is a social psychologist and Karen is a sociologist. Compared to Karen, which of the following questions is Jacquie most likely to ask? a. Do different divorce laws influence divorce rates? b. Are divorce rates higher among people who are more educated? c. Why does infidelity lead to divorce? d. Is divorce more prevalent in Northern states relative to Southern states? ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: Characterizing Social BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ Psychology OBJ: Conceptual  Which of the following phenomena best illustrates the relationship between social influence and behavior? a. acting more cooperative when you are in a good mood (as opposed to a bad mood) b. preferring to drive with the car radio on (as opposed to off) c. cycling faster when people are watching you (as opposed to when you are alone) d. getting into more arguments when the temperature is above 80 degrees (as opposed to under 80 degrees) ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Characterizing Social Psychology OBJ: Conceptual  Kurt Lewin’s concept, the field of forces, emphasizes that underlie(s) much of human behavior. a. genetics c. the characteristics of a situation b. physical stimulation d. natural selection ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: The Power of the Situation OBJ: Factual  Kurt Lewin, the founder of modern social psychology, argued that the effects of psychological forces can be understood in the same way that are understood. a. physical forces c. personality forces b. attribute forces d. armed forces ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: The Power of the Situation OBJ: Factual  Research on suggests it is for people to assume that dispositions are the underlying causes of most behaviors. BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ a. are elaborate stores of systematized knowledge. b. guide our expectations for a wide range of situations. c. influence our judgments. d. All of the above are true. ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: The Role of Construal OBJ: Factual  Pro–affirmative action advocates try to activate schemas related to , whereas anti–affirmative action advocates try to activate schemas related to . a. fairness; diversity. c. African Americans; Caucasians. b. diversity; fairness. d. Caucasians; African Americans. ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: The Role of Construal OBJ: Factual BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+  Judy is always complimenting people she works with. Bob, one of Judy’s best friends, thinks that Judy is genuinely thoughtful and friendly. Sarah, who does not know Judy well, thinks that Sarah is shallow and fake. This example suggests how friendship influences a. behaviors. c. construals. b. personality. d. folk theories. ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: The Role of Construal OBJ: Applied  Which of the following scenarios best illustrates how a construal can be changed by a life event? a. Lisa got a “B” on her paper and jumped for joy. When she learned that her friends got a better grade, she cried over her “B.” b. Lisa got a “B” on her paper and felt confused. She decided to ask her teacher why she did not receive a higher grade. c. Lisa worked on her paper for ten days. She cried when she found out she got a “B.” d. Lisa cried when she got a “B” on her paper, even though she knew the paper was not all that great. ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: The Role of Construal OBJ: Applied  According to research discussed in the textbook, which of the following methods is most clearly suited for testing whether construals exert a causal effect on game performance? a. manipulating the name of a game b. manipulating room temperature during the game c. manipulating moods after a game has been played BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ d. manipulating the age of study participants ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: The Role of Construal OBJ: Applied  Professor Hansen expects that students will sit quietly and take notes during his large lecture course. Thus, a student who talks in class and never opens a notebook violates Professor Hansen’s about students. a. theory of mind c. construal b. automaticity d. schema ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: The Role of Construal OBJ: Conceptual  A stereotype is best characterized as a type of . a. schema. b. channel factor. c. attribution. d. theory of mind. ANS: A OBJ: Conceptual DIF: Easy REF: The Role of Construal  The mind processes information in two different ways when you encounter a social situation. Autom atic processing is often based on , whereas controlled processing is ofte n based on . a. careful thought; emotional factors. b. emotional factors; careful thought. c. dispositional factors; situational factors d. situational factors; dispositional factors. ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Automatic versus Controlled Processing BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+  operates to mold animals and plants so that traits that enhance the probability of survival are passed on to subsequent generations. a. Social Darwinism c. Natural selection b. Naturalistic fallacy d. Connectionism ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Evolution and Human Behavior: How We Are the Same OBJ: Factual  Which of the following practices do people share with animals, especially higher primates? a. facial expressions c. wariness around spiders b. group living d. Both a and b are correct. ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Evolution and Human Behavior: How We Are the Same OBJ: Factual  The naturalistic fallacy refers to the claim that a. things should be different from the way they are now. b. people can overcome many things they are predisposed to do. c. the process of evolution can select for disadvantageous characteristics. d. the way things are is the way they should be. ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Evolution and Human Behavior: How We Are the Same OBJ: Factual  The text describes a study in which children were shown a candy box with the lid closed. The researc her asked them to predict what was in the box. Naturally, the children said, “Candy.” Next, the resear cher showed the children that, in reality, there were pencils in the box. Finally, the researcher asked th e children to predict what a friend will say is in the box. tend to say BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ . a. Normal 4-year-olds; “pencils.” b. Normal 4-year-olds; “candy.” c. Autistic 4-year-olds; “candy.” d. Autistic 4-year-olds; nothing, because they have not acquired language. ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: Evolution and Human Behavior: How We Are the Same OBJ: Factual  According to evolutionary theory, males put investment in their offspring than females because males . a. less; have more opportunities to produce offspring. b. more; have fewer opportunities to produce offspring. c. less; are more likely to die before their offspring reach maturity. d. more; are less likely to die before their offspring each maturity. ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: Evolution and Human Behavior: How We Are the Same OBJ: Factual  One of the most commonly used social neuroscience techniques is known as functional magnetic r esonance imaging. This technique detectsto determine which parts of the brain are active during certain activities. a. electrical activity c. blood flow b. radio active isotopes d. neurotransmitter levels ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Evolution and Human Behavior: How We Are the Same OBJ: Factual BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+  Why is Social Darwinism a distorted application of Darwin’s theory? a. It assumes that some groups of people are more deserving of survival than others. b. It assumes that many characteristics that people share are the result of natural selection. c. It assumes that some groups of people are stronger than others. d. It assumes that many human behaviors and institutions are universal. ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Evolution and Human Behavior: How We Are the Same OBJ: Conceptual  Which of the following statements is NOT consistent with the evolutionary perspective? a. People share many practices and institutions with animals, especially higher primates. b. Behavioral propensities are subject to selection pressures. c. Physical characteristics are subject to selection pressures. d. What we are biologically predisposed to do is what we inevitably will do. ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: Evolution and Human Behavior: How We Are the Same OBJ: Conceptual  Theory of mind is important for group living because it a. is necessary for language acquisition. b. can treat autism. c. can prevent misunderstandings that could lead to aggression or death. d. decreases selection pressures. ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: Evolution and Human Behavior: How We Are the Same OBJ: Conceptual  What advantage do social neuroscience techniques (such as functional magnetic resonance imagin g) have over other research methods used in BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ REF: Culture and Human Behavior: How We Are Different OBJ: Conceptual  Pat has listed ten things that describes who he is. The first three are, “I am a son,” “I am fun when I am with my friends,” and “I am a manager.” Pat is most likely part of an culture. a. evolutionary c. interdependent b. independent d. universal ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Culture and Human Behavior: How We Are Different OBJ: Applied  Social psychology can be defined as the study of the of individuals in social situations. a. intuitive; behaviors b. scientific; behaviors c. scientific; feelings, thoughts, and behaviors d. behavioral; thoughts and feelings ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Characterizing Social Psychology OBJ: Factual  Which of the following Supreme Court rulings was heavily influenced by social psychological research? a. Roe v. Wade c. Marbury v. Madison b. Brown v. Board of Education d. Miranda v. Arizona ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Characterizing Social Psychology OBJ: Factual  “Absence makes the heart grow fonder” and “out of sight, out of mind” are both common sayings. A(n) BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ is most likely to conduct an experiment to identify the conditions or situations under which each of these assertions is accurate. a. personality psychologist c. sociologist b. social psychologist d. anthropologist ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Characterizing Social Psychology OBJ: Factual  Sandra thinks that smiling a lot during a job interview increases a person’s chances of getting a job off er. The main difference between Sandra’s folk theory and social psychological theories is that social ps ychological theories are a. always more complicated. c. based on logic. b. almost always counterintuitive. d. put to the test. ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: Characterizing Social Psychology OBJ: Factual  According to social psychologists, which of the following conditions is most likely to make someone do what an authority figure says to do—even if it involves hurting someone? a. when people know ahead of time that an authority figure will be ordering them around b. when people have been raised in abusive families c. when people can blame an authority figure for their actions d. when people are used to hurting other people ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: The Power of the Situation OBJ: Factual  The “Good Samaritan” study conducted by Darley and Batson (1973) examined helping behavior in s eminary students at Princeton University. BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ These students were either rushed or not rushed to get to an appointment. Results of this study showed that a. participants who viewed religion as a means toward personal gain were less likely to help someone than participants who viewed religion as a means toward moral and spiritual values. b. when rushed, only participants who viewed religion as a means toward personal gains were less likely to help someone. c. when rushed, only participants who viewed religion as a means toward moral and spiritual v alues were less likely to help someone. d. the nature of participants’ religious orientation did not predict helping behavior; only being rushed or not predicted helping. ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: The Power of the Situation OBJ: Factual  Your waiter seems to be doing everything wrong. He has forgotten to take your drink order. He delive rs someone else’s food to your table. He does not come out and say it, but his facial expressions seem to say he’d rather be someplace else. If you assume his behavior is caused primarily by , your assumption is consistent with the fundamental attribution error. a. channel factors b. situational factors he can control c. his disposition d. situational factors beyond his control ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: The Power of the Situation OBJ: Applied  Which of the following scenarios is LEAST consistent with the fundamental attribution error? a. When someone swerves into your lane while driving, you think to yourself, “This person is a terrible driver!” BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ 1. Social psychologists test intuitions by crafting experiments that isolate the causes of behavior in socia l situations. ANS: T DIF: Easy REF: Characterizing Social Psychology OBJ: Factual 2. Channel factors can appear to be unimportant on the surface but have significant consequences fo r behavior. ANS: T DIF: Medium REF: The Power of the Situation OBJ: Factual 3. People tend to believe that behaviors are caused by situational factors as opposed to dispositiona l factors. ANS: F DIF: Easy REF: The Power of the Situation OBJ: Applied 4. In the Milgram experiment, over 60 percent of the participants delivered the highest shock possible to the “learner.” ANS: T DIF: Medium REF: The Power of the Situation OBJ: Applied 5. Schemas are stores of generalized knowledge about the physical and social world. ANS: T DIF: Easy REF: The Role of Construal OBJ: Factual 6. Conscious processes are generally fast and can operate in parallel. BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ ANS: F DIF: Medium REF: Automatic versus Controlled Processing OBJ: Factual 7. The claim that the way things are is the way they should be is known as the naturalistic fallacy. ANS: T DIF: Easy REF: Evolution and Human Behavior: How We Are the Same OBJ: Factual 8. The evolutionary theorist Charles Darwin assumed that natural selection is important for physica l characteristics but NOT for behavioral propensities. ANS: F DIF: Medium REF: Evolution and Human Behavior: How We Are the Same OBJ: Factual 9. The theory of parental investment predicts that males will invest large quantities of energy after copulation in the rearing of offspring. ANS: F DIF: Difficult REF: Evolution and Human Behavior: How We Are the Same OBJ: Applied 10. Personal uniqueness is an important aspect of self-definition among people living in interdependent cultures. BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ ANS: F DIF: Difficult REF: Culture and Human Behavior: How We Are Different OBJ: Conceptual SHORT ANSWER 1. Define social psychology and explain how this field differs from the fields of personality psychology and sociology. ANS: Answers will vary DIF: Medium REF: Characterizing Social Psychology OBJ: Factual 2. What is a channel factor? How is this concept relevant to health-care usage? ANS: Answers will vary DIF: Medium REF: The Power of the Situation OBJ: Conceptual 3. Explain Kurt Lewin’s concept of the field of forces. Discuss how this concept is relevant to the goals of social psychology. ANS: Answers will vary DIF: Difficult REF: The Power of the Situation OBJ: Conceptual 4. While you are having dinner at a restaurant, your waiter is rude and BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ We Are Different OBJ: Factual CHAPTER 2: The Methods of Social Psychology MULTIPLE CHOICE  All of the following are examples of resources used in archival research EXCEPT a. police reports. c. firsthand observations of behavior. b. newspaper articles. d. databases. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: How Do Social Psychologists Test Ideas? OBJ: Factual  Interviews and written questionnaires are parts of which type of research method? a. observation c. experiment b. correlation d. survey ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: How Do Social Psychologists Test Ideas? OBJ: Factual  A social psychologist finds a relationship between lower socioeconomic status and the likelihood of being divorced. This study most likely describes which type of research method? a. observational c. experimental b. archival d. correlational ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: How Do Social Psychologists Test Ideas? OBJ: Factual BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+  A study that is conducted over a long period of time with the same population is known as a(n) . a. observational study. c. cross-sectional study. b. longitudinal study. d. mixed design study. ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: How Do Social Psychologists Test Ideas? OBJ: Factual  Experiments are different from other research methods in that they encompass which of the following components? a. control group b. independent variable c. random assignment d. All of the above choices are components of experiments. ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: How Do Social Psychologists Test Ideas? OBJ: Factual  The independent variable in an experiment is the variable that is a. manipulated and is hypothesized to be the cause of a particular outcome. b. the variable that is measured. c. compared with the experimental condition. d. an indication of the degree of the relationship between two variables. ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: How Do Social Psychologists Test Ideas? OBJ: Factual  In an experiment, the control condition is BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ a. manipulated and is hypothesized to be the cause of a particular outcome. b. the variable that is measured. c. compared with the experimental condition. d. an indication of the degree of the relationship between two variables. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: How Do Social Psychologists Test Ideas? OBJ: Factual  The dependent variable in an experiment is the variable that is a. manipulated and is hypothesized to be the cause of a particular outcome. b. the one being measured. c. compared with the experimental condition. d. an indication of the degree of the relationship between two variables. ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: How Do Social Psychologists Test Ideas? OBJ: Factual  The primary difference between natural experiments and standard experiments is that natural experiments a. do not involve independent variables. b. do not involve dependent variables. c. typically involve random assignment of individuals. d. do not typically involve random assignment of individuals. ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: How Do Social Psychologists Test Ideas? OBJ: Factual  Which of the following best describes a research study that randomly assigns people to different co nditions and carefully controls all of the other circumstances so that they will be the same or very si milar between the two conditions? a. experiment c. survey BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ b. d. ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: How Do Social Psychologists Test Ideas? OBJ: Applied  Which of the following research methods is the best way to identify a causal relationship between two variables? a. observation c. correlation b. archive d. experiment ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: How Do Social Psychologists Test Ideas? OBJ: Conceptual BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+  The textbook describes an experiment by Darley and Batson (1973) that looked at willingness to help i n seminary students. In one condition, participants were made to hurry from one building to another by being told that they were late for the experiment. In the other condition, participants were only told to go over to another building in order to start the experiment. Both groups encountered a person lying on the ground on their way to the other building. The experimenter observed the participants from both gr oups and counted the number of people who stopped to check on the person lying on the ground. It wa s found that the participants who were in a hurry stopped much less frequently than the participants wh o were not in a hurry. In this experiment, what was the independent variable? a. being made to hurry from one building to another b. the person lying on the ground c. the number of people stopping to check on the person lying on the ground d. going from one building to another ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: How Do Social Psychologists Test Ideas? OBJ: Applied  A researcher examines the galvanic skin response (GSR) of people holding a clear plastic jar contai ning a spider. She compares the GSRs of people with spider phobias with the GSRs of people with out spider phobias. In this experiment, the galvanic skin response functions as . a. an independent variable. c. a control group. b. a dependent variable. d. random assignment. ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: How Do Social Psychologists Test Ideas? OBJ: Applied  The textbook describes an experiment by Darley and Batson (1973) that looked at willingness to help i n seminary students. In one condition, BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ participants were made to hurry from one building to another by being told that they were late for the experiment. In the other condition, participants were only told to go over to another building in order to start the experiment. Both groups encountered a person lying on the ground on their way to the other building. The experimenter observed the participants from both gr oups and counted the number of people who stopped to check on the person lying on the ground. It wa s found that the participants who were in a hurry stopped much less frequently than the participants wh o were not in a hurry. In this experiment, what was the dependent variable? a. being made to hurry from one building to another b. the person lying on the ground c. the number of people stopping to check on the person lying on the ground d. going from one building to another ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: How Do Social Psychologists Test Ideas? OBJ: Applied  The problem with self-selection in research is that a. people often choose the experimental condition in which they want to participate. b. people often overestimate their own contributions to the research. c. it makes causal interpretations difficult. d. it violates ethical guidelines. ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: How Do Social Psychologists Test Ideas? OBJ: Applied  A study shows that people who watch the local evening news believe the world is more dangerous than do people who do not watch the evening news. On the basis of this study, a newspaper reporter conclu des that watching the evening news leads people to believe the world is more dangerous than it actuall y is. This is a flawed conclusion because a. the reporter has a bias because he works for the newspaper. BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ d. usually result in statistically significant results. ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: Some Other Useful Concepts for Understanding Research OB J: Conceptual  High school seniors are given a test that is supposed to predict scholastic performance during the firs t year of college. When the test results are compared with the students’ actual first-year performance, there is no correlation between the test scores and performance. This is an example of poor . a. statistical significance c. measurement validity b. reliability d. internal validity ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: Some Other Useful Concepts for Understanding Research OB J: Conceptual  A statistically significant result depends on which two factors? a. the size of the difference between groups and validity of the experiment b. the size of the difference between groups and the number of cases it is based on c. the validity of the experiment and the number of cases it is based on d. the validity of the experiment and the number of dependent variables the study used ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Some Other Useful Concepts for Understanding Research OB J: Conceptual  An intervention is a. a debriefing review conducted at the conclusion of an experiment. BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ b. a punishment delivered to a person. c. an effort to change a person’s behavior. d. a measure taken by psychologists to minimize bias in study results. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Basic and Applied Research OBJ: Factual  A group of social psychologists are working on a research project with the aim of promoting condom use as a way to prevent the spread of sexually transmitted diseases. This type of research project is pr obably best described as a. basic science. c. pseudo-science. b. applied science. d. hard science. ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: Basic and Applied Research OBJ: Applied  Research in basic science aims to a. solve real-world problems. b. understand simple questions in science. c. solve difficult questions in science. d. understand a phenomenon in its own right without concern with real-world issues. ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Basic and Applied Research OBJ: Conceptual BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+  The social psychologist Carol Dweck found that people who believe that intelligence is a matter of hard work actually study harder in school and get better grades. She used this finding to design an a cademic success program targeted to minority junior high school students. What does this illustrate about the connection between basic and applied research? a. Basic research always has to come before applied research. b. Applied research is not useful without also engaging in basic research. c. Basic and applied research should not be conducted by the same person. d. Basic research can lead to theories used to design applied interventions. ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: Basic and Applied Research OBJ: Conceptual  An institutional review board (IRB) has reviewed a study and determined that participating in the stud y will likely make the participants feel uncomfortable and embarrassed. According to the textbook, cou ld the IRB decide to allow the researchers to begin this study? a. No; making participants uncomfortable is never acceptable. b. Yes; the IRB examines only whether participants will be in physical pain. c. Yes; as long as participants are not overly harmed and the research has significant value. d. No; if any aspects of research studies are harmful in any way, IRBs cannot allow them. ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: Basic and Applied Research OBJ: Applied  The function of an institutional review board is to a. review university research expenditures. b. review grant proposals to ensure that they are financially feasible. c. review research proposals and judge the ethical appropriateness of the research. d. review the reliability of research findings at the institution. BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ Test Ideas? OBJ: Conceptual BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+  You read the results of a survey that reports that two-thirds of Cosmopolitan readers lost weight by “going vegan.” You should not give the report of this survey much credence because a. not everyone in this survey was equally likely to be surveyed. b. it confuses a correlational relationship with a causal relationship. c. people who responded to the survey are not likely the same as those who did not. d. All of the above choices are reasons that the survey results should not be trusted. ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: How Do Social Psychologists Test Ideas? OBJ: Applied  Which of the following is a potential limitation of correlational research? a. We can never be sure about causality. b. The degree of the relationship cannot be inferred. c. Independent variables can be manipulated. d. There is no allowance for self-selection of participants. ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: How Do Social Psychologists Test Ideas? OBJ: Conceptual  Which of the following indicates the highest degree of relationship between variables? a. – 0.9 c. – 0.6 b. + 0.8 d. – 0.2 ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: How Do Social Psychologists Test Ideas? OBJ: Conceptual  An experiment that is set in the real world, and in which the participants themselves are usually unaware that they are participating in a research study, is usually described as a . BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ a. longitudinal study. c. field experiment. b. laboratory experiment. d. correlational study. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Some Other Useful Concepts for Understanding Research OB J: Factual  If an experiment produces reliable results, what does this mean? a. There is a low probability of obtaining these results by chance alone. b. The independent variable had a strong effect on the dependent variable. c. It is likely to yield consistent results. d. There is a strong correlation between some measurement and what that measurement is supposed to predict. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Some Other Useful Concepts for Understanding Research OB J: Factual  When there is a high correlation between a measurement instrument and the outcomes that th e instrument is supposed to predict, then this instrument is said to be high in _. a. measurement validity c. reliability b. internal validity d. statistical significance ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Some Other Useful Concepts for Understanding Research OB J: Factual BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ ANS: F DIF: Easy REF: How Do Social Psychologists Test Ideas? OBJ: Applied 5. An issue of Time magazine cites a study that shows that married people are generally happier than unmarried people. Based on this study, we can assume that being married leads to being happy. ANS: F DIF: Difficult REF: How Do Social Psychologists Test Ideas? OBJ: Applied 6. Data from a study that is biased is sometimes worse than no information at all. ANS: T DIF: Medium REF: How Do Social Psychologists Test Ideas? OBJ: Conceptual 7. An experimental research study is the best way to establish a causal effect of one variable on another variable. ANS: T DIF: Medium REF: How Do Social Psychologists Test Ideas? OBJ: Conceptual 8. A field experiment is one of the best ways to ensure having good external validity in a research study. ANS: T DIF: Easy REF: Some Other Useful Concepts for Understanding Research BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ OBJ: Conceptual 9. A research study does not need to be submitted to an institutional review board as long as the study does not use deception as part of the study design. ANS: F DIF: Medium REF: Ethical Concerns in Social Psychology OBJ: Applied 10. Using deception in social psychology experiments is never allowed because it violates the basic tenet s of providing informed consent to participants. ANS: F DIF: Difficult REF: Ethical Concerns in Social Psychology OBJ: Applied SHORT ANSWER 1. What are the differences between a natural experiment and an experiment conducted in the laboratory? Describe the advantages and disadvantages of each. ANS: Answers will vary DIF: Easy REF: How Do Social Psychologists Test Ideas? OBJ: Applied 2. Describe the following research methods in social psychology: observational, archival, and survey. What are the advantages and BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ disadvantages of each method? ANS: Answers will vary DIF: Easy REF: How Do Social Psychologists Test Ideas? OBJ: Applied 3. What is the goal of correlational research? What are some of the advantages and disadvantages of this type research? ANS: Answers will vary DIF: Medium REF: How Do Social Psychologists Test Ideas? OBJ: Applied 4. What are the advantages and disadvantages of experimental research compared with other types of research methods (observational, archival, survey, and correlational)? ANS: Answers will vary DIF: Medium REF: How Do Social Psychologists Test Ideas? OBJ: Applied 5. Describe the necessary components of a good experiment. BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ 1. John is thinking about how he is a good baseball player and really enjoys eating pizza. John is thinking about his self. a. individual c. collective b. relational d. universal ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Nature of the Social Self OBJ: Factual 2. Relational self-beliefs are a. the roles, duties, and obligations we assume in groups. b. social groups to which we belong. c. our preferences, tastes, personality traits, and talents. d. our identities in specific relationships. ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Nature of the Social Self OBJ: Factual 3. According to the symbolic interactionist idea, we learn about ourselves through a. completing different kinds of personality tests. b. imagining what other people think of us. c. our parents telling us what we like and dislike, and what we are good at. d. deep reflection about our behaviors, preferences, and attitudes. ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Origins of Self- Knowledge OBJ: Conceptual 4. Frank Sulloway’s research on the relationship between birth order and personality shows that a. younger siblings tend to be more agreeable than older siblings. b. older siblings tend to be less honest than younger siblings. c. younger and older siblings are equally open to novel ideas and experiences. BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ d. older siblings tend to be less achievement-oriented than younger siblings. ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Origins of Self- Knowledge OBJ: Factual 5. Which of the following best describes the correlation between how we think others view us, and ho w they actually view us, according to the textbook? a. Generally, most people are pretty accurate in knowing how others really think about them. b. In close relationships, we are accurate in knowing how those close others really thin k about us. c. Generally, there is little correlation between how we think people see us and how the y really see us. d. People who are very intuitive are better at understanding how others see them. ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: Origins of Self- Knowledge OBJ: Factual 6. The part of our self-knowledge that is conscious to us at any given time is called the a. self-concept. b. conscious self- concept. c. working self- concept. d. distinctive self- concept. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Origins of Self- Knowledge OBJ: Factual 7. According to the textbook, which of the following tend to have interdependent self- construals? a. many Mediterranean cultures c. many Northern BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ European cultures b. many African cultures d. Both a and b are correct. ANS: D BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ 13. Barbara just received a “B” on her test. Her friends, Gina and Mica, received an A” and a “C,” respectiv ely. Later that night, Barbara tells her roommate that she did “really well” relative to other people in the class. According to social comparison theory, Barbara appears to have engaged in . a. upward comparison. c. promotional comparison. b. downward comparison. d. prevention comparison. ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: Origins of Self- Knowledge OBJ: Applied 14. Bill has an older brother named Dan. Both Bill and Dan are physics professors. According to Frank Sulloway’s research on birth-order effects, Bill should a. conduct more research. b. be more demanding of his students. c. be more open to “off-the-wall” or “revolutionary” theories. d. be more physically attractive. ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Origins of Self- Knowledge OBJ: Applied 15. According to Festinger’s social comparison theory, people often form judgments about their traits and abilities by comparing themselves with others. According to the theory, this process is most likely to occur when a. the people around them are judgmental and unkind. b. people have a clear and detailed self-concept. c. the people around them have superior traits and abilities. d. people have no objective standard by which to judge themselves. ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: Origins of Self-Knowledge BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ OBJ: Conceptual 16. According to the textbook, research findings on the self-reference effect and self-schemas help explain why so many aspects of the self are a. stable over time. b. highly variable from one situation to the next. c. inconsistent with social norms. d. difficult to measure. ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: Organization of Self-Knowledge OBJ: Factual 17. Linda tries to memorize a bunch of theories for her psychology class. Specifically, right after she read s about a theory, she thinks of personal experiences that are relevant to its predictions. According to re search on the self-reference effect, Linda’s study strategy should a. decrease her memory for the theories because thoughts of previous experiences ar e distracting. b. increase or decrease her memory for the theories, depending on how long she studies. c. increase her memory for the theories by integrating them into her self-knowledge. d. increase her memory for the theories if the experiences are consistent with a theory, but it should decrease her memory if the experiences are inconsistent with a theory. ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Organization of Self-Knowledge OBJ: Applied BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ 18. The tendency to elaborate on and recall information that is integrated into our self-knowledge is calle d the a. self-verification effect. c. self-reference effect. b. private self-consciousness effect.d. self-monitoring effect. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Organization of Self- Knowledge OBJ: Conceptual 19. Self-schemas are a. wishes and aspirations people have for themselves. b. objective standards that people use to learn about their own abilities, attitudes, and personality traits. c. beliefs about the roles, obligations, and duties people assume in groups. d. knowledge-based summaries of our beliefs and feelings about the self in particula r domains. ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Organization of Self- Knowledge OBJ: Conceptual 20. Maria defines herself in terms of many different domains, each of which includes distinct traits and ab ilities. Arthur defines himself in terms of just a few domains, with similar traits and preferences repres ented in each domain. According to Linville’s self-complexity theory, who will be able better to mana ge a negative event that threatens one of these life domains? a. Maria will be better at managing a negative event than Arthur. b. Arthur will be better at managing a negative event than Maria. c. Both Maria and Arthur will be able to manage a negative event. d. Neither Maria nor Arthur will be able to manage a negative event. ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Organization of Self-Knowledge OBJ: Applied BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ Jim should feel better about himself if he gets a new job he is good at. a. self-verification theory b. the sociometer hypothesis c. the principle of self-handicapping d. the contingencies of the self-worth account of self-esteem ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: Self-Esteem OBJ: Applied 27. According to the contingencies of the self-worth account of self-esteem (Crocker and Wolfe, 2001), a person’s self-evaluations a. are stable across situations and time. b. depend on success and failure in various life domains. c. are learned through principles of classical conditioning. d. are a direct result of parenting styles. ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Self-Esteem OBJ: Conceptual 28. According to the sociometer hypothesis, a. self-esteem is an internal, subjective index of the extent to which people feel included o r excluded by others. b. people are social animals who thrive on conflict and dominating others. c. people use reflection and social comparison processes to maintain a positive self- image. d. people strive for accurate beliefs about the self in order to form adaptive judgments an d decisions. ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Self-Esteem OBJ: Conceptual 29. The “better-than-average” effect refers to a. the finding that most people assume others are better than themselves at difficult tasks. BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ b. the finding that people tend to think that they are above average. c. the finding that people who are better than average are happier. d. the finding that people who are better than average are actually more modest about thei r abilities. ANS: B OBJ: Factual DIF: Easy REF: Motives Driving Self-Evaluation 30. When is the “better-than-average” effect most likely to occur? a. when people use objective, concrete measures of performance to assess their abilities b. when people assess their abilities on ambiguous traits that can be construed in differen t ways c. when men are rating their performance compared with women d. when people are rating themselves on negative traits ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: Motives Driving Self-Evaluation OBJ: Conceptual 31. Researchers have studied whether college students’ beliefs about their academic talents predict how well they actually perform in college. Results show that students who a. had self-enhancing beliefs at the start of their college careers performed worse—ove r time—than students who did not have self-enhancing beliefs. b. did not have self-enhancing beliefs at the start of their college careers performed wo rse—over time—than students who did have self-enhancing beliefs. c. experienced self-discrepancies at the start of their college careers BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ performed worse—ove r time—than students who did not experience self-discrepancies. d. experienced self-discrepancies at the start of their college careers performed better—ove r time—than students who did not experience self-discrepancies. ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: Motives Driving Self- Evaluation OBJ: Factual 32. Research supporting self-verification theory has shown that a. people tend selectively to attend to and recall information that is consistent with thei r self-views. b. people tend to provide identity cues that help others form accurate judgments of their personality traits. c. people tend to form relationships that maintain their preexisting view of the self, eve n when that view is negative. d. All of the above have been shown by research. ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: Motives Driving Self- Evaluation OBJ: Factual 33. One implication of Tesser’s self-evaluation maintenance model is that a. we are biased to believe that our friends’ self-concepts are similar to our own. b. we can expect our good friends to help us succeed at anything because all of our successe s reflect well on them. c. we should choose friends whom we outperform in domains relevant to our self-concep t but who are talented in domains that are not relevant to the self. d. our friends’ competencies (or lack thereof) do not influence our self-concept. ANS: C DIF: Difficult BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ 37. The processes by which people initiate, alter, and control their behavior in the pursuit of their goals is called . a. self-discrepancy c. self-verification b. self-enhancement d. self-regulation ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Self-Regulation: Motivating and Controlling the Self OBJ: Factual 38. Jim has been trying to lose weight and spent all day ignoring the entire bowl of candy bars on his coworke r’s desk. When Jim gets home that evening, he feels exhausted and eats an entire container of ice cream. According to the researchers Baumeister, Vohs, and Tice, Jim is probably experiencing a. food cravings c. ego strength b. ego depletion d. prevention focus ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Self-Regulation: Motivating and Controlling the Self OBJ: Applied 39. When we are being sensitive to negative outcomes and avoid things that upset us, we are focused. a. prevention c. ought b. ideal d. promotion ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Self-Regulation: Motivating and Controlling the Self OBJ: Factual 40. Matthew Galliot and his colleagues asked participants to engage in an initial self-control task, such as supp ressing their emotions. Next, BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ participants drank Kool-Aid sweetened with either sugar or Splenda. How did the drink affect participants’ performance on a later self-control task? BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ a. Participants who drank the Splenda drink did better on the second self-control task. b. Both groups of participants did poorly on the second self-control task. c. Participants who drank the sugar drink did better on the second self-control task. d. Both groups of participants did well on the second self-control task. ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: Self-Regulation: Motivating and Controlling the Self OBJ: Factual 41. Recall Tory Higgins’s argument that people compare their “actual selves” with other “selves” and that these comparisons have important motivational implications. Which of the following is/are NOT amo ng the “selves” to which Higgins refers? a. optimal c. ought b. ideal d. neither a nor c ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Self-Regulation: Motivating and Controlling the Self OBJ: Factual 42. Experimental evidence on self-discrepancy theory shows that a. thinking about how one might approximate one’s ideal self increases the experience of anxiety. b. thinking about how one might approximate one’s ought self elevates cheerfulness. c. thinking about how one might deviate from one’s actual self increases the experience of negative emotions. d. thinking about how one might approximate one’s ideal self increases sensitivity to positiv e experiences. BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ performance-inhibiting drug. d. Participants who thought they would have difficulty on the test preferred th e performance-inhibiting drug. ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: Self- Presentation OBJ: Factual 46. Jim tends to act in accordance with his internal inclinations, impulses, and dispositions. Also, he is not very attuned to the social context in which he finds himself. Thus, Jim would score on a measure of . a. high; self-handicapping. c. high; self-monitoring. b. low; self-handicapping. d. low; self-monitoring. ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: Self- Presentation OBJ: Applied 47. Ryan begins his twenty-page sociology paper at about 5 p.m. on the night before the paper is due. At arou nd 6 p.m., Gary requests a favor that would take several hours. Ryan grants the favor and ends up leaving himself just a few hours to complete the paper. Later, when friends ask Ryan about his paper grade, he say s, “I got a D because I was helping Gary all night instead of writing.” This scenario exemplifies a self-presentation process called a. self-handicapping. c. overjustification. b. self-fulfilling prophecy. d. self-promotion. ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Self- Presentation OBJ: Applied 48. The concept of refers to our awareness of what other people think about us. a. private self-consciousness c. strategic self-presentation b. public self-consciousness d. self-monitoring BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Self- Presentation OBJ: Conceptual 49. Off-record communication is , and it entails tactics such as . a. direct; metaphorical statements. c. direct; critical statements. b. indirect; metaphorical statements. d. on-record; rhetorical statements. ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Self- Presentation OBJ: Conceptual 50. The general process by which we control others’ beliefs about us is called a. self-handicapping. c. self-monitoring. b. impression management. d. private self-consciousness. ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: Self- Presentation OBJ: Conceptual TRUE/FALSE 1. Reflected self-appraisals come from our perceptions of what other people think of us. T DIF: Easy REF: Origins of Self-Knowledge ANS: OBJ: Factual BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ 2. Interdependent self-construals are prevalent in many Asian cultures. DIF: Easy REF: Origins of Self-Knowledge ANS: T OBJ: Factual 3. We engage in upward self-comparisons when we want to make ourselves feel better by thinking about those worse off than us. DIF: Medium REF: Origins of Self-Knowledge ANS: F OBJ: Conceptual 4. Social comparison theory holds that people tend to compare themselves with others when there is n o objective standard in the domain of interest. DIF: Easy REF: Origins of Self-Knowledge ANS: T OBJ: Conceptual 5. People who define themselves in terms of multiple domains would be said to have lo w self-complexity. DIF: Easy REF: Organization of Self-Knowledge ANS: F OBJ: Factual 6. The sociometer hypothesis states that our self-esteem reflects the extent to which other people thin k well of us. BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ ANS: Answers will vary DIF: Medium REF: Origins of Self-Knowledge OBJ: Applied 2. Do people in independent cultures tend to report higher levels of self- esteem than people from interdependent cultures? Use research and theory to justify your answer. ANS: Answers will vary DIF: Medium REF: Self-Esteem OBJ: Conceptual 3. Describe both Crocker and Wolfe’s contingencies of self-worth account and Leary’s sociometer hypothesis. Then discuss if and how each theory is relevant to predicting when people will feel particularly high levels of self-esteem. ANS: Answers will vary DIF: Difficult REF: Self-Esteem OBJ: Conceptual 4. Roy Baumeister has challenged the widespread assumption that deficits in self-esteem lead one to engage in violence and other antisocial behaviors. Describe Baumeister’s argument and show ho w research supports it. ANS: Answers will vary BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ DIF: Difficult REF: Self-Esteem OBJ: Conceptual 5. According to Taylor and Brown, unrealistically positive views of self could influence happiness and well- being in several ways. Explain two ways in which this occurs, as well as a challenge to this idea. ANS: Answers will vary DIF: Difficult REF: Motives Driving Self-Evaluation OBJ: Conceptual 6. Explain Tesser’s self-evaluation maintenance model. Then show how this model is relevant to understanding whom we choose as friends. ANS: Answers will vary DIF: Difficult REF: Motives Driving Self-Evaluation OBJ: Applied 7. Explain self-discrepancy theory and the various “selves” to which this theory refers. Then discuss ho w discrepant “selves” could influence an individual’s personal well-being. ANS: Answers will vary DIF: Medium OBJ: Conceptual REF: Self-Regulation: Motivating and Controlling the Self BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ 8. Explain the concept of ego depletion, and give two examples of situations in which this could occur. ANS: Answers will vary DIF: Medium OBJ: Conceptual 9. Compare and contrast on-record and off-record communication. Then give examples of situations that illustrate eac ANS: Answers will vary DIF: Difficult REF: Self-Presentation OBJ: Applied 10. Define the concept of impression management and explain how self- monitoring and self-handicappin g are related to this concept. ANS: Answers will vary DIF: Difficult REF: Self-Presentation OBJ: Conceptual CHAPTER 4: Social Cognition: Thinking About People and Situations MULTIPLE CHOICE 3. Liam, the photography editor of a national magazine, is looking through BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ 10. They should make students aware of their mistaken belief that “everyone” approves o f heavy drinking. 11. They should adopt more lenient policies about alcohol consumption on campus. ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: The Information Available for Social Cognition OBJ: Applied 7. The phenomenon of occurs when people are reluctant to express their misgivings about a perceived group norm. Unfortunately, their reluctance reinforces a false norm. a. group apprehension c. pluralistic ignorance b. normative consensus d. nonrepresentativeness heuristic ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: The Information Available for Social Cognition OBJ: Conceptual 11.Janet means well when she tells her daughter, “Please don’t ever date a boy with a tattoo. A girl down the street dated a boy with a huge tattoo and he ended up assaulting her.” If this story is a deceptive exaggeration, Janet is engaging in a. secondhand extremism. c. the embellishment fallacy. b. ideological distortion. d. heuristic processing. ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: The Information Available for Social Cognition OBJ: Applied 12.Which of the following news headlines would be most likely to make a lasting impression on readers? a. Baby Elephant Takes First Steps! b. Stocks Plummet on Release of Dire Economic Forecast! c. Attorney Accidentally Sues Himself! d. Navy Helps Giant Sea Turtles! BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: The Information Available for Social Cognition OBJ: Conceptual 13. William hosted a dinner party for his coworkers. The next day, five coworkers complimented William on the wonderful meal. However, one coworker criticized the meal. William is . more likely to think about the compliments than the critical remark. . equally likely to think about the compliments and the critical remark. . more likely to think about the critical remark than the compliments. . unlikely to respond negatively to the critical remark. ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: The Information Available for Social Cognition OBJ: Conceptual 14. Information-processing limitations help explain why our judgments can depend on the order in whic h information is presented. For example, primacy effects often result from . a tendency to pay great attention to information presented early on. . strong emotions that disrupt the memory of information presented early on. . the belief that information encountered early on is particularly accurate. . a failure to engage in schematic processing. ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: How Information is Presented OBJ: Factual 15. According to the textbook’s description of positive and negative framing, which of the following statements would be most influential BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ on a decision to undergo a risky surgery? BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ Presented OBJ: Conceptual 16. Construal level theory predicts that we think about events distant in time or space in terms, and that we think about events nearer in time or space in terms. a. abstract; concrete c. abstract; abstract b. concrete; abstract d. concrete; concrete ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: How Information is Presented OBJ: Factual 19. In 1992, Ross Perot asked voters, “Should the president have the line- item veto to eliminate waste?” Ninety-seven percent said yes. When the question was asked in more neutral terms—“Should the pre sident have the line item veto or not?”—only 57 percent agreed. This example best illustrates a. the availability heuristic. c. an order effect. b. spin framing. d. feature matching. ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: How Information is Presented OBJ: Conceptual 20. When information has the most influence on people, the primacy effect has occurred. Wh en information has the most influence on people, the recency effect has occurred. a. experienced secondhand; experienced firsthand b. experience firsthand; experienced secondhand c. presented last; presented first BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ d. presented first; presented last ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: How Information is Presented OBJ: Conceptual 21. The confirmation bias makes what prediction about human behavior? a. People will seek out supporting evidence for their beliefs. b. People judge the probability of an event by how closely it matches their schemas. c. People will prefer sure wins over gambles. d. People will prefer gambles over sure losses. ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: How We Seek Information OBJ: Factual 20. Barbara mostly chooses to watch news programs that support her political beliefs while avoiding news programs that may disagree with her views. What is this an example of? a. information bias c. misinformation effect b. hindsight bias d. motivated confirmation bias DIF: Easy REF: How We Seek Information ANS: D OBJ: Factual 23. You think of your friend Jan as a very introverted person. Confirmation bias would predict that you will a. look for examples of introverted behaviors in Jan. b. look for examples of extroverted behaviors in Jan. c. be very likely to form a strong relationship with her. d. be very unlikely to form a strong relationship with her. ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: How We Seek Information OBJ: Applied BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ 24. The textbook describes a study in which one group of participants was asked to determine whether working out a day before a tennis match made the player more likely to win, and another group of participants was asked to determine whether working out a day before a tennis match made a playe r more likely to lose. Consistent with the confirmation bias, participants in the group examining a c onnection between working out and winning were most likely to search for a. information about how many players did not work out, and then lost their match. b. information about how many players did not work out, and then won their match. c. information about how many players worked out, and then lost their match. d. information about how many players worked out, and then won their match. ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: How We Seek Information OBJ: Factual 23. According to the textbook, all of the following can activate schemas EXCEPT a. subliminal stimuli. c. expectations. b. recent activation of a schema. d. All of the above are correct. ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Top-Down Processing: Using Schemas to Understand New Information OBJ: Factual e. Judgments are particularly likely to result from top-down processes when people BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ 28. The textbook describes an experiment conducted by Bargh and Pietromonaco (1982) in which partici pants viewed a list composed mainly of hostile words or a list composed mainly of nonhostile words. Consistent with the argument that stimuli influence schemas, results showed that th ose exposed to the hostile list . a. subliminal; subsequently rated a target person more negatively. b. consciously experienced; were friendlier during a subsequent conversation. c. subliminal; remembered fewer hostile words on a memory test. d. consciously experienced; enjoyed the experiment to a greater degree. ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: Top-Down Processing: Using Schemas to Understand New Information OBJ: Factual 29. Jenny has just read a novel about a husband who treats his wife badly. She then meets her ne w boyfriend for a dinner date. According to research on schemas, Jenny is likely to a. break up with her boyfriend. b. view her boyfriend’s actions in a negative light. c. tell her boyfriend how much she loves him. d. talk about how they should get married. ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Top-Down Processing: Using Schemas to Understand New Information OBJ: Applied BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ 30. Top-down processing is most useful . . in clearly defined situations with very little ambiguity. . in situations where we have very little prior knowledge. . in ambiguous situations where we have at least some prior knowledge. . rarely, because top-down processing is rarely useful. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Top-Down Processing: Using Schemas to Understand New Information OBJ: Conceptual 30. Psychologists have discovered that people store information in coherent configurations called a. information nodes. c. conceptual frames. b. schemas. d. flashbulb memories. ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Top-Down Processing: Using Schemas to Understand New Information OBJ: Factual e. Because schemas have been shown to influence , participants who are told to watch a video of a basketball game and count the number of times people in white shirts pass the ball might completely miss seeing a person in a black gorilla suit walk through the game. a. behaviors c. bottom-up processes b. attention d. priming ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Top-Down Processing: Using Schemas to Understand New Information OBJ: Conceptual 31. The research in which participants who were primed to think of elderly people later walked mor e slowly down a hallway best shows a. the influence of schemas on memory. BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ b. that bottom-up processing can have a strong influence on our behaviors. c. that schemas lead us to notice more information in our environments. d. the influence of schemas on behavior. ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: Top-Down Processing: Using Schemas to Understand New Information OBJ: Conceptual 33. Procedures that momentarily activate a particular schema are referred to as a. bottom-up procedures. c. top-down procedures. b. encoding. d. priming. ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Top-Down Processing: Using Schemas to Understand New Information OBJ: Factual 32. Which of the following examples best shows how schemas can be self-fulfilling prophecies? a. Participants primed to think of the elderly actually walk slower down a hallway. b. Teachers who expect that some children will do well in school actually lead those children to perform better. c. People are more likely to apply the trait of‘ dependence to a female character in a nove l compared to a male character. d. A schema that is frequently activated will be more likely to be applied to a new stimulus. ANS: B DIF: Medium BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ 37.You should avoid potato chips if you suffer from greasy skin and acne. 38.You should drink milk when you have a cold. ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: Reason, Intuition, and Heuristics OBJ: Factual 39. The availability and representativeness heuristics sometimes can operate in tandem. The joint effect o f these two heuristics can create a(n) a. unmemorable association. c. statistical association. b. co-occurrence fallacy. d. illusory correlation. ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: Reason, Intuition, and Heuristics OBJ: Factual 41. According to Tversky and Kahneman, when an initial intuitive assessment of a situation is no t modified or overridden by a more deliberative analysis, . the intuitive system always produces inaccurate judgments. . important factors may be ignored and our judgments may be systematically biased. . more efficient and accurate information processing occurs. . the rational system takes over to produce accurate judgments. ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Reason, Intuition, and Heuristics OBJ: Factual e. People sometimes work together on a project and later decide who should get the most credit. This de cision, according to research by Michael Ross, often entails one’s own contributions t o joint projects. Moreover, this tendency arises from . . overestimating; self-enhancement motives. . overestimating; the availability heuristic. . underestimating; self-enhancement motives. BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ . underestimating; the availability heuristic. ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Reason, Intuition, and Heuristics OBJ: Factual 42. When forming judgments about others, people often rely on the representativeness heuristic. Unfortunately, this can lead people to . ignore how much a person resembles a prototypical group member. . use information that is causally relevant. . rely too heavily on base-rate frequency information. . ignore base-rate information. ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: Reason, Intuition, and Heuristics OBJ: Factual 43. Lola visits Trish in Weston, CT. At some point, Lola asks Trish whether there is a lot of crime in Westo n. Although crime rarely occurs there, Trish recalls a recent news story about a Weston drug store robbery. On the basis of this memory, she then tells Lola that there is a lot of crime in Weston. This scenario illustrates reliance on the heuristic. a. representativeness c. availability b. recollection d. anchoring ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: Reason, Intuition, and Heuristics BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+ OBJ: Applied BIOLOGY B11 Social3_TestBank Questions and Answers best rated A+ guaranteed Success latest update 2023 GRADED A+