Biology formula sheet, Cheat Sheet of Biology

Download Biology formula sheet and more Cheat Sheet Biology in PDF only on Docsity! Appendix A A1 Appendix A AP BIOLOGY EQUATIONS AND FORMULAS Statistical Analysis and Probability x = sample mean n = size of the sample s = sample standard deviation (i.e., the sample-based estimate of the standard deviation of the population) o = observed results e = expected results Degrees of freedom are equal to the number of distinct possible outcomes minus one. Mean Standard Deviation* x n xi i n = = ∑1 1 S x x n i = − − ∑( )2 1 Standard Error of the Mean* Chi-Square SEx s n = χ 2 2 = −∑ ( )o e e Chi-Square Table p value Degrees of Freedom 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0.05 3.84 5.99 7.82 9.49 11.07 12.59 14.07 15.51 0.01 6.64 9.21 11.34 13.28 15.09 16.81 18.48 20.09 Laws of Probability If A and B are mutually exclusive, then: P (A or B) = P (A) + P (B) If A and B are independent, then: P (A and B) = P (A) × P (B) Hardy-Weinberg Equations p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 p = frequency of the dominant allele in a population p + q = 1 q = frequency of the recessive allele in a population Metric Prefixes Factor Prefix Symbol 109 giga G 106 mega M 103 kilo k 10-2 centi c 10-3 milli m 10-6 micro μ 10-9 nano n 10-12 pico p Mode = value that occurs most frequently in a data set Median = middle value that separates the greater and lesser halves of a data set Mean = sum of all data points divided by number of data points Range = value obtained by subtracting the smallest observation (sample minimum) from the greatest (sample maximum) * For the purposes of the AP Exam, students will not be required to perform calculations using this equation; however,  they must understand the underlying concepts and applications.