Download Biology Review Notes - Biological Molecules, Hydrolysis | ACIS 1504 and more Study notes Accounting in PDF only on Docsity! Biology Review Chapter 1-4 Chapter 3: Biological Molecules Functional Groups 1. hydroxyl 2. carbonyl 3. carboxyl 4. amino 5. sulfhydryl 6. phosphate 7. methyl organic describes molecules with a CARBON skeleton plus hydrogen atoms -inorganic are molecules without carbon such as water or salt - carbon can bond with 4 other atoms by single bonds, double bonds, triple bonds How are organic molecules synthesized? Joined together by removing water Broken apart by adding water Dehydration synthesis: “ to form by removing water” o H ( hydrogen) is removed from one subunit and an OH ( hydroxyl) is removed from a second subunit.. this creates openings in the outer electron shells of atoms in the two subunits o The openings are filled when the subunits share electrons which creates a covalent bond that links them o Then the hydrogen and hydroxyl ion combine to form a molecule of water What is hydrolysis? Reverse reaction of dehydration synthesis Splits the molecule back into its original subunits The major way our digestive enzymes break down food Nearly all biological molecules fall into one of four general categories 1. carbohydrates 2. lipids 3. proteins 4. nucleic acids CARBOHYDRATES - carbon, hydrogen, oxygen ratio of 1:2:1 - all carbohydrates are sugars or polymers of sugars - monosaccharide: carbohydrate consists of just one sugar molecule - disaccharide: “ two sugars” - polysaccharide: many sugars 1. hydroxyl groups of sugars are polar and form hydrogen bonds with water.. making sugars water soluable CARBOHYDRAT ES 1. monosacchari de: simple sugar C6H12O6 2. disaccharide: two monosacchari des bonded together 3. polysaccharid e: many monosacchari des ( usually glucose) bonded together 1. glucose 2. fructose 3. sucrose 1. energy source for cells 2. energy storage molecule in fruits and honey 3. sugar transported throughout bodies of land plants LIPIDS 1. triglyceride: three fatty acids bonded to glycerol 2. wax: variable numbers of fatty acids bonded to long-chain alcohol 3. phospholipid: polar phosphate group and two fatty acids bonded to glycerol 4. steroid: 4 fused rings of carbon atoms 1. oil, fat 2. waxes in plant cuticle 3. phosphatidylcho line 4. cholesterol 1. energy storage molecul e 2. waterpro of covering 3. cell membra nes 4. cell membra nes
