biology review sheet, Lecture notes of Biology

Download biology review sheet and more Lecture notes Biology in PDF only on Docsity! Review Test # 4 Bio 126 Disclaimer – this is just a review. I tried to get everything on here – but I could have missed something! You cannot in any way, come back after the test and say “You didn’t do this in review – it can’t be on the test “. You are still responsible to do your own review and studying. I did this to help. Chapter 10 Endocrine System Parathyroid gland diagram Regulatory functions of the endocrine system -labor contractions, water & electrolyte balance, metabolic rate, development of tissues Identify the changes that occur in healthy, elderly adults due to age-related decreases in endocrine secretions. Select all that apply. -increased susceptibility to infection -decrease in bone mass -decrease in muscle mass -change in sleeping patterns Challenging concepts -Three types of stimuli that inhibit hormone release 1. Explain how the nervous system and endocrine system are similar -they are both control systems of the body 2. List the function of the endocrine system 3. What are the 2 types of glands we discussed? -exocrine & endocrine glands 4. Where do endocrine glands secrete their products -in the blood stream 5. Explain the difference between intracellular and intercellular signals -intracellular produce in one part of a cell & move to another part of same cell while intercellular released from one cell & bind to receptors on another cell 6. Where are intracellular chemical signals produced? Where do they travel to?* - 7. How many different types of intercellular signals are there? -5 types 8. Explain autocrine signals -released by cells & have a local effect on same cell type 9. Explain/ draw paracrine chemical signals -released by cells & affect other cell types 10.How do neurotransmitters work -through the synaptic cleft 11.Explain why pheromones are so cool. Explain what effects they may have -because they are secreted into the environment & modify behavior 12.Define hormones -to set into motion 37.What is the function of LH? -promotes ovulation & progesterone production & testosterone, sperm production 38.Name all the gonadotropins from the ant. Pit.* -LH hormone, FSH hormone 39.How does FSH work in males vs females? -FSH in males(sperm production), FSH in females(follicle maturation & estrogen secretion) 40.What is the main target tissue of prolactin? -mammary glands 41.What does ADH mean? -antidiuretic hormone 42.Explain its target and function -kidneys 43.Name the hormones stored in the post. Pituitary -oxytocin, ADH 44.What is the function of oxytocin? -increases uterine contractions during labor 45.What controls the post. Pituitary? -hypothalamus 46.What substance do T3 & T4 need to work properly? -thyroxine 47.What are the target cells of T3 & T4?* - 48.Describe the effects of hypothyroidism -causes decreased metablism 49.Describe what happens when you have hyperthyroidism -causes an increased metabolic rate, extreme nervousness 50.What is the purpose of thyroid hormones? -regulates metabolic rates 51.What stimulates the release of thyroid hormone? -thyroid gland 52.What is the target for calcitonin? -bones 53.Explain how calcitonin works* - 54.Why do people get goiter -iodine deficiency 55.T or F – calcitonin increases the rate of calcium breakdown -false 56.How many parathyroid glands are there? -Four 57.Where are they located? -posterior wall of the thyroid gland 58.How does PTH work with kidneys?* -PTH 59.How does PTH work with bone?* - 60.Where are the adrenal glands? -on the kidneys 61.Name the 2 regions of the adrenals -medulla & cortex 62.Where is the medulla region? -middle part of the kidney 63.What hormone is released from the medulla? -epinephrine & norepinephrine 64.What effect does epinephrine have on its target tissue? -pupil constriction, sphincter contraction 65.What is the function of epinephrine? -fight or flight response 66.What is the function of aldosterone? -causes Na+ & H2O to be retained & K+ to be secreted 67.What is its target tissue? -kidneys 68.What is the function of cortisone?* - 69.What hormone regulates the release of cortisol? -glucocorticoids 70.What mechanism turns off cortisol secretion? -negative feedback mechanism 71.Where is the pancreas located? -in the abdomen 72.What hormone does it produce? -insulin, glucagon 73.What are the functions of insulin? -regulates blood glucose levels 74.What is the target tissue of insulin? -liver, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue 9. What is the functional unit of the kidney? -nephron 10. How many are found in each kidney? -over 1 million 11.What are the parts of the nephron? -Renal corpuscle, proximal convoluted tubule, a loop of henle & distal convoluted tubule 12. DRAW IT – this will help on a test* 13.What is the Bowman’s capsule? -the enlarged end of the nephron that surrounds the glomerulus 14. The fluid that passes across the filtration membrane is called what; filtrate 15.What surrounds the glomerulus? -bowman’s capsule 16. Describe the order of the flow of filtrate through the nephron* -renal corpuscle→ proximal convoluted tubule→ descending loop of henle→ ascending loop of henle→ distal tubule→ collecting duct→ calyx→ renal pelvis→ ureter 17. describe the three processes involved in the production of urine -Filtration: blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries force fluid & small molecules of the blood to create filtrate -Tubular reabsorption: transport proteins move water & some filtered molecules from the filtrate back into the peritubular capillaries -tubular secretion: certain tubule cells transport additional solutes from the blood into the filtrate 18. Define filtration -movement of water, ions & small molecules move across the filtration membrane into Bowman’s capsule to filtrate 19. How much plasma becomes filtrate? -19% 20. How many liters of filtrate are made every day? -180 liters 21.How much of the actually becomes urine? -1% or less 22. T or F – large molecules pass through filtration membrane-false 23. What determines filtration pressure? -3 forces 24. Define tubular reabsorption -removal of water, glucose, amino acids & ions from filtrate into peritubular capillaries 25.How much filtrate re-enters circulation?* - 26.Name some of the molecules & ions reabsorbed in the proximal tubule -sodium, water, calcium, glucose, fructose 27. What is reabsorbed in the thin limb of the loop of Henle -sodium, potassium, chloride 28.Which part of the loop is NOT permeable to water? -ascending loop of henle 29. Where does the reabsorbed fluid go? -to the bloodstream through the peritubular capillaries 30.How does water move out of the nephron -through diffusion 31.What is reabsorbed in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting tubule? -water & solutes (K+,H+) are reabsorbed 32.Define tubular secretion -transport of solutes from blood into nephron tubule 33.What gets put back into the filtrate* - 34.How is urine output (volume) controlled? -through the micturition reflex 35.Explain the renin angio-aldosterone mechanism -low blood pressure stimulates renin secretion from the kidney, renin stimulates angiotensin I→angiotensin II which stimulates aldosterone secretion from the adrenal cortex 36. Where is renin released from -juxtaglomerular cells 37. What increases the secretion of aldosterone? -angiotensin II 38.What effect does aldosterone have on urine production? -Aldosterone decreases urine production 39. Where is aldosterone secreted? -adrenal cortex 40. How does ADH work? -when BP drops, ADH increases the permeability to water in the DCT & collecting duct 41. When blood pressure increases, ADH decreases 42. What does ANH stand for? -atrial natriuretic hormone 12. How many teeth do children have? Adults -20 teeth(children), 32 teeth(adults) 13. What are the parts of the palate? -hard and soft palate 14.What is the greater omentum? The lesser? -The greater omentum is the mesentery connecting greater curvature of the stomach -The lesser omentum is the mesentery connecting lesser curvature of the stomach 15.What is the function of the salivary glands? -Salivary glands produce saliva which contains enzymes to breakdown carbohydrates into glucose 16. What are the 3 types of salivary glands?* - 17.What is amylase? -It is a salivary enzyme 18. What does it break down? -carbohydrates 19. What is lysosome? -it is a salivary enzyme 20. What is the pharynx? -this is the throat 21. How does food move? -through peristalsis 22. Explain how that process works* - 23.What joins the stomach to the esophagus? -cardiac sphincter 24. Why does heartburn occur -It occurs because there is too much gastric juice into the esophagus 25. What are the phases of swallowing? -voluntary phase, esophageal phase, pharyngeal phase 26. What is a bolus? -This is a mass of food 27.Where is the stomach located? -in the abdomen 28.What does the stomach produce to break down food? -hydrochloric acid 29. What is the acidity of the stomach? - pH of 2 30. How many layers are in the muscularis layer -3 layers 31. What are those layers called? -oblique,circular,longitudinal 32. Define rugae -large temporary folds in the mucosa & sub mucosa 33. What is the function of the 3 layers of the muscularis? -allow stomach to stretch 34. Where is the pyloric junction? -between the stomach & duodenum 35. What is the sphincter that stops food from the stomach from going into the small intestine? -cardiac sphincter 36. Where is the cardiac opening and sphincter of the stomach? -sphincter(around pyloric opening), cardiac opening(near the heart) 37. What are the 5 epithelial cells in the stomach lining? -chief, endocrine, parietal, surface mucous, mucous neck cells 38. What does each produce? -chief cells produce pepsinogen -endocrine cells produce regulatory chemicals -parietal cells produce hydrochloric acid -surface mucous & mucous neck cells produce mucus 39. What are gastric pits? -opening for the gastric glands 40. What are mixing waves? -waves that mix food to form chime 41. How often does the stomach empty? -every 4 hours 42. What are hunger pangs? -when the stomach is stimulated to contract by low blood glucose levels 43. What is chyme? -paste like substance that forms when food begins to be broken down 44. What are the 3 phases of stomach secretions? -cephalic phase: stomach secretions are increased in anticipation to incoming food -gastric phase: gastric secretions occur -intestinal phase: negative feedback loop inhibit gastric secretions 70. Where is it? -inferior surface of liver 71. What is bile? -a substance produced by the liver 72. What are the functions of the liver? -emulsifies fats & excretory products 73. What is the cystic duct? -joins common hepatic duct from gall bladder 74. Where does it originate? -gall bladder 75. What does the liver synthesize? -new molecules 76. What new molecules does the liver make? -blood proteins 77. T/F pancreas only has endocrine functions-false 78.What causes the pancreas to release secretions? -cholecystokinin 79. Where is secretin released from? -duodenum 80. What are the 4 stages of the digestive process? -digestion, propulsion, absorption, defecation 81. Where does absorption occur -duodenum & jejunum 82. Where are carbs broken down -in the mouth 83. What are the secretions involved?* -salivary amylase 84.Where are fats broken down? -small intestine 85. What are the secretions involved?* -bile salts & lipase 86.Where are proteins broken down -stomach 87.What are the secretions involved -polypeptides, peptides, amino acids 88.What is emulsification? -this is when bile salts transform large lipid droplets into much smaller lipid droplets