Biology Unit 1 Exam Revision test with correct marking scheme of 2024, Exams of Biology

Download Biology Unit 1 Exam Revision test with correct marking scheme of 2024 and more Exams Biology in PDF only on Docsity! Biology Unit 1 Exam Revision test with correct marking scheme of 2024 Prokaryotic Cells - Correct Answers Simple cells without a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles. 1. Achaea 2. Bacteria Eukaryotic Cells - Correct Answers have membrane-bound organelles; have membrane-bound nucleus (with DNA inside); larger than prokaryotic; some have a tough outer wall (plants); single and multicellular (animals, plants, fungi, protists); plasma membrane present. Organelles - Correct Answers small structures in the cytoplasm that do special jobs within a cell. E.g. Mitochondria Lipid - Correct Answers large organic compounds made mostly of carbon and hydrogen with a small amount of oxygen; examples are fats, oils, waxes, and steroids; are insoluble in water and used by cells for energy storage, insulation, and protective coatings, such as in membranes. Present in both Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells. Active Transport - Correct Answers the movement of materials through a cell membrane using energy. Diffusion - Correct Answers process by which molecules tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated. Osmosis - Correct Answers diffusion of molecules through a semipermeable membrane from a place of higher concentration to a place of lower concentration until the concentration on both sides is equal. SA:V - Correct Answers Surface Area: Volume Ratio. measure that identifies the number of units of surface area available to 'serve' each unit of internal volume of a cell, tissues or organism. Facilitated Diffusion - Correct Answers movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels. This assisted or facilitated by carrier protein. Bulk Transport - Correct Answers The process by which large particles and macromolecules are transported through plasma membranes. Inc. exocytosis and endocytosis. Exocytosis - Correct Answers process of exporting proteins from a cell by a vesicle fusing with the plasma membrane and spilling the proteins outside the cell. Endocytosis - Correct Answers The process by which a cell membrane surrounds a particle and encloses the particle in a vesicle to bring the particle into the cell. Phagocytosis - Correct Answers process in which phagocytes engulf and digest microorganisms and cellular debris. Pinocytosis - Correct Answers Type of endocytosis in which liquids and small particles are taken into a cell. Cell Wall - Correct Answers a thin membrane around the cytoplasm of a cell, only seen in plants. Nucleus - Correct Answers a cell structure that contains nucleic acids, the chemical instructions that direct all the cell's activities. Mitochondrion - Correct Answers in eukaryotic cells, the cell organelle that is surrounded by two membranes and that is the site of cellular respiration, which produces ATP. ATP - Correct Answers (adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work. Cell Membrane - Correct Answers a thin membrane around the cytoplasm of a cell. Ribosomes - Correct Answers non membrane bounded organelles responsible for protein synthesis. Endoplasmic Reticulum - Correct Answers a cell structure that forms a maze of passageways in which proteins and other materials are carried from one part of the cell to another. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum - Correct Answers System of internal membranes within the cytoplasm. Membranes are rough due to the presence of ribosomes. functions in transport of substances such as proteins within the cytoplasm. Golgi Complex - Correct Answers organelle that modifies, packages, and transports material out of the cell. Hypertonic - Correct Answers describes a solution whose solute concentration is higher than the solute concentration inside a cell. Hypotonic - Correct Answers describes a solution whose solute concentration is lower than the solute concentration inside a cell. Isotonic - Correct Answers When the concentrations of solutes outside and inside the cell are equal. Lipophilic - Correct Answers Having an affinity or attraction to fat and oils. Microtubules - Correct Answers are hollow tubes, like plumbing pipes that maintain the shape of the cell and serve as tracks for organelles to move along within the cell. Nucleoli - Correct Answers dense masses of RNA and protein that manufacture ribosomes, several of these are located in the nucleus. Organelles - Correct Answers One of several formed bodies with specialized functions, suspended in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. Partially Permeable - Correct Answers A characteristic of cell membranes. They let some molecules through but not others. Peroxisomes - Correct Answers organelles that detoxify harmful substances that have entered cells. Phytoplankton - Correct Answers Microscopic, free-floating, autotrophic organisms that function as producers in aquatic ecosystems. Plasma Membrane - Correct Answers Thin outer boundary of a cell that regulates the traffic of chemicals between the cell and its surroundings. Protein Filaments - Correct Answers hold the organelles in place, part of the cytoskeleton or internal framework of a cell that supply strength and support for the cell; made of a variety of proteins, depending on the particular cell, and are very tough. Protein - Correct Answers a molecule that is made up of amino acids and that is needed to build and repair body structures and to regulate processes in the body. Protists - Correct Answers single-celled or simple multicellular eukaryotic organisms that generally do not fit in any other kingdom. RNA - Correct Answers ribonucleic acid, a natural polymer that is present in all living cells and that plays a role in protein synthesis. Secondary Cell Walls - Correct Answers cell walls formed between the plasma membrane and the primary cell wall; very strong but can no longer expand. Vesicle - Correct Answers a small cavity or sac that contains materials in a eukaryotic cell; forms when part of the cell membrane surrounds the materials to be taken into the cell or transported within the cell. Polymer - Correct Answers a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds Enzyme - Correct Answers A protein serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. Anaphase - Correct Answers the stage of meiosis or mitosis when chromosomes move toward opposite ends of the nuclear spindle. Active Site - Correct Answers the site on an enzyme that attaches to a substrate Aerobic Repiration - Correct Answers The process by which cells use oxygen to obtain usable energy from an energy source. Aerobic Celluar Repiration - Correct Answers food is completely oxidized to carbon dioxide and water, and chemical energy is relased; atmospheric oxygen is involved in the process. The Krebs cycle, electrontransprot chain, and oxidative phosphorylation are important concepts here. Autotrophic - Correct Answers of or relating to organisms (as green plants) that can make complex organic nutritive compounds from simple inorganic sources by photosynthesis. Anabolism - Correct Answers The process that synthesizes a complex molecule from simpler compounds, thus requiring energy. Anaerobic repiration - Correct Answers the chemical reaction that releases energy from food mylecules in the ABSENCE of oxygen. Bonds - Correct Answers The forces that hold molecules together. Can be covalent, ionic, hydrogen, etc. Carbohydrates - Correct Answers compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms; major source of energy for the human body. Catabolism - Correct Answers The sum total of all processes in an organism which break down chemicals to produce energy and simple chemical building blocks. Chemical energy - Correct Answers that part of the energy in a substance that can be released by a chemical reaction. Chitin - Correct Answers a structural polysaccharide, consisting of amino sugar monomers, found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods. Coenyzme - Correct Answers carbon containing molecules that are required for that enzyme to function. Cohensive - Correct Answers Sticking or holding together. Complex Carbohydrate - Correct Answers a polymer made of smaller molecules that are simple carbohydrates bonded to one another Glucose - Correct Answers the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger. Heterotrophic - Correct Answers A type of organism that obtains organic food molecules be eating other organisms or substances derived from them Hydrogen Bonds - Correct Answers bond created by the weak attraction of a slightly positive hydrogen atom to a slightly negative portion of another molecule. Lipids - Correct Answers energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Metabolism - Correct Answers set of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials as it carries out its life processes. Monomers - Correct Answers small unit that can join together with other small units to form polymers. Monosaccharide - Correct Answers a sugar (like sucrose or fructose) that does not hydrolyse to give other sugars. nucleic acids - Correct Answers very long organic compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorous, contain instructions that cells need to carry out all the functions of life Phospholipid - Correct Answers a lipid that contains phosphorus and that is a structural component in cell membranes. Polymers - Correct Answers molecules made from repeating units of identical or nearly identical compounds called monomers that are linked together by a series of covalent bonds