Evolutionary Biology: Genetics, Natural Selection, and Gene Transfer, Exams of Nursing

Download Evolutionary Biology: Genetics, Natural Selection, and Gene Transfer and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! 1 Question 1 (2.5 points) Saved Stabilizing selection happens when Question 1 options: the phenotypic extremes of a population are more likely to survive females prefer to mate with a specific extreme phenotype females have to mating preference Question 2 (2.5 points) Saved What can be done to make a lot of human growth hormone so that it can be used therapeutically? Question 2 options: clone the human growth hormone gene into chickens and harvest it from the eggos use gene therapy to put the gene into people that need more growth hormone put the growth hormone genes into tomatoes and have people eat them Question 3 (2.5 points) the intermediate phenotype of a population is more likely to survive clone the gene into bacteria and harvest it from them 2 Saved In some organisms mating preference leads to males having characteristics much different from the females (like being larger or more colorful) which is termed Question 3 options: sexual dimorphism 5 the evolution of a new feature Saved What would be at the base of the evolutionary tree of life? Question 6 options: primary ancestor divergent ancestor root ancestor Question 7 (2.5 points) Saved What type of event is usually associated with each branch on a phylogenetic tree? Question 7 options: the formation of a vestigial structure morphological convergence mutational disruption Question 8 (2.5 points) Saved universal ancestor 6 The fact that being homozygous recessive for the CCR5 receptor protects people from being infected with HIV, thus causing an increase in the recessive CCR5 allele, is an example of Question 8 options: founder effect microevolution 7 allele switching macroevolution Question 9 (2.5 points) Saved How could phylogenetics be useful for humans in medicine? Question 9 options: if a disease is found in humans, it might also be found in gorillas if a species of bacteria causes disease, then closely related species might cure it if an organism is resistant to a disease, it might have other family members resistant as well Question 10 (2.5 points) Saved are sequences of DNA that are associated with promoter regions and can be methylated to inactivate genes Question 10 options: Poly A regions TATA boxes AT rich stretches if a medicinal plant has other members in the family, they may have medicinal properties as well 10 by looking at common features, like eye color, hair color, and number of arms by the number of chromosomes that look the same by determining their family trees through genealogy 11 Question 14 (2.5 points) Saved The place where Darwin noticed finch and tortoise differences that helped him develop his theory of evolution was ? Question 14 options: the Malay Archipelago Australia Africa Brazil Question 15 (2.5 points) Saved can occur when newly formed species produce hybrids and the original reproductive barriers break down. Question 15 options: Hybrid infertility Junction Separation the Galapagos Islands Fusion 12 Question 16 (2.5 points) Saved In the two-hybrid screening technique, what type of protein is separated into two different domains to determine if two other proteins attached to these domains will interact? Question 16 options: 15 decrease expression of miRNA Saved Overexpression of miRNAs can lead to a decrease of protein expression associated with some forms of cancer. What could a drug do to counter this effect? Question 19 options: increase promoter activity of the miRNA genes decrease expression of RNA polymerase increase expression of RISC Question 20 (2.5 points) Saved Bacillus thuringienesis bacteria produce a toxin that harms insects. The bacteria used to be grown in culture and sprayed on crops as an insecticide. How has genetic engineering eliminated the need to do this? Question 20 options: engineered motility for the bacteria so they can move to the crops themselves engineered insects to be able to use Bacillus thuringienesis as a food source put the toxin gene into humans so that they are resistant Question 21 (2.5 points) put the toxin gene into the plants themselves to make their own toxin 16 Saved Although flowers have a common ancestor, they vary quite differently due to the environment and their specific pollinators. This is an example of Question 21 options: divergent evolution 17 convergent evolution vestigial structures analogous structures Question 22 (2.5 points) Saved Natural selection causes heterozygotes to increase in the population. What effect does this have on p2 and q2? Question 22 options: it will cause them both to increase no effect since they are not related in any way this stabilizes the population causing them to remain the same Question 23 (2.5 points) Saved Which population would be more likely to be affected by genetic drift? Question 23 options: oak trees in Canada it will cause them both to decrease 20 the mule will only mate with other mules Question 26 (2.5 points) Saved At a family get-together, your uncle says "I don't believe in that evolution stuff. Scientists are always saying that something evolved because of 'a gene for eyes' or 'a gene for wings'. Well, that's crazy – how can one single gene build an eye or a wing?" How do you reply? 21 Recombination Question 26 options: You're right – for evolution to work, hundreds or thousands of genes would have to mutate all at once, just the right way. It's not possible. You're right – for evolution to work, hundreds or thousands of genes have to mutate all at once, just the right way. It doesn't happen very often, but evolution takes place over millions of years. There are thousands of regular genes that build parts like an eye or a wing. But then there are special "evolving" genes that can change how parts work. Only the second set of genes matters for evolution. Question 27 (2.5 points) Saved hotspots can decrease the accuracy of linkage maps. Question 27 options: Variable Physical Microsatellite Cytogenetic Question 28 (2.5 points) Yes, lots of genes are necessary to make an eye or a wing – but a mutation in just one gene might change development, to make a change in how the eye or the wing works. 22 Saved Two different species mate and produce a zygote. As it starts to develop, it dies due to the genetic differences. What would this be called? Question 28 options: prezygotic barrier 25 to what degree a population is evolving for a gene Question 31 (2.5 points) Saved What is the Hardy-Weinberg principle useful for to geneticists? Question 31 options: to assess how bad an allele is for an individual to determine when extinction will happen to predict when genetic drift will occur Question 32 (2.5 points) Saved In 1974 purple, non-sulfur bacteria were shown to have DNA transferred between cells by gene transfer agents, which seem to be forms of non-replicating Question 32 options: plasmids bacteria pili Question 33 (2.5 points) diploid nucleus bacteriophage 26 Saved In order to focus on only the expressed portions of DNA, what type of sequencing can be used? Question 33 options: 27 whole-exome sequencing whole-genome sequencing shotgun sequencing pairwise-end sequencing Question 34 (2.5 points) Saved Which of the following statements is most accurate concerning horizontal gene transfer? Question 34 options: would not be acted upon by natural selection since it is not natural to the organism would not be passed on to offspring is unlikely to have any significant effects on organisms Question 35 (2.5 points) Saved If every cell in the body gets the same DNA, how do the cells of an embryo make different structures and take on different roles? (Select all that apply.) Question 35 options: would be a potent alternative to introducing new genes into species Different transcription factors are active in different cells. 30 Question 38 (2.5 points) Saved Which type of chemical modification of a protein has the widest variety of activities? Question 38 options: 31 neutral methylation acetylation ubiquitination hydroxylation Question 39 (2.5 points) Saved Which type of mutation would NOT be subjected to natural selection? Question 39 options: lethal positive negative Question 40 (2.5 points) Saved In the process of adaptive radiation, there is usually one species from which others will quickly diverge. This original species is known as the Question 40 options: phosphorylation founder species 4 4 original isolate primary progenitor radiating organism