BMOL1001- Animal kingdom cheat sheet, Cheat Sheet of Cellular and Molecular Biology

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At the end of this lecture you should be able to: Understand how life is classified into biological domains and kingdoms ¢ Understand the basic structure of viruses and why they are not classified into domains/kingdoms ¢ Understand the biomolecules involved in viral infection ¢ Understand the differences between different types of viruses How biological life is classified: - The ‘Three Domain System (1990)' is a system for classifying biological organisms - Primarily based on differences in the sequence of one biological molecule, a type of nucleic acid - ribosomal RNA (rRNA) - Under this system, organisms are classified into three domains (Bacteria, Archea and Eukaryotes) and six kingdoms - Prokaryotes: characteristics in common with Bacteria and Archea - Eukaryotes have 4 different kingdoms: Animalia Plantae Fungi Wh Protista, Eubacteria Archaebacteria I Presumed common progenitor, archaebacteria and eukaryotes Animals Plants Fungi Ciliates ~ pastena Microsporiia EUKARYOTA mi ‘Slime molds a bi es Eukaryotes Diplomonads jardia lamblla) ARCHAEA ‘Methanobacterium Halocaccus Flavobacteria Green sulfur bacteria Methanococcus Jannaschil Bl Prosumer proge of all extant organisms Domain Domain Domain Domain Bacteria only contains 1 Kingdom: Eubacteria - Eubacteria (true bacteria) are prokaryotes whose cell walls contain peptidoglycan. They can be beneficial or cause disease. - Eubacteria are a diverse group that can survive in many different environments Domain Archaea: - Domain Archaea only contains 1 kingdom: Archaebacteria - Archaebacteria are thought to be more ancient than eubacteria. - Archaea are diverse in shape and nutrition requirements. - Extremophiles because they can live in extreme environments (salty, extremely hot - deep oceans, hot springs, & swamps, cold - ice, sulphur, pH) - NO PEPTIDOGLYCAN Domain Eukarya: - All eukaryotes are classified in Domain Eukarya - Includes 4 Kingdoms: Protista, fungi, plantae and animalia - Eg: Classify a fox: Domain Eukarya. Kingdom: Animalia These forms have cells in common- basic unit of life Basic properties of cells: - Cells are the fundamental unit of life. The cell theory states that all organisms are composed of similar units of organization, called cells - They are self-contained membrane bound structures that carry out the basic functions of life. - Understanding the working of the cell reveals much about the nature of life What can cells do? - Cells grow and divide. - Cells obtain and use energy in specific chemical reactions - ‘metabolism’ - Cells can move and are dynamic - Cells respond to specific stimuli - chemical, hormonal, electrical - Cells can be very simple or very complex - Cells can be the whole organism or a component part of an organism What features do all cells have? - Enclosed by a membrane - The nucleic acid provides the instructions to direct the construction of specific machinery to obtain energy from the environment - The energy is used to duplicate the nuclei acids and the cellular machinery - Viruses are not considered to be living so they are not placed in the biological classification system Structure of a virus - Avirus is a nucleic acid (core, contains virial genome) surrounded by a protein coat (capsid) - Insome viruses a lipid bilayer membrane/envelope is present - The core can be made of DNA OR RNA- can be classified by the type of nucleic acid - Very small - NOT living "A virus is a nucleic acid (core, contains virial genome) - Cells reproduce by hijacking living cells surrounded by a protein coat (capsid) - Capsid helps the virus bind to the host cell In some viruses a lipid bilayer membrane, or envelope. Why aren’t viruses considered to be living? is present. - Viruses are not cells and are not made up of cells - Cannot reproduce without a host cell - Viruses lack the machinery needed to carry out the functions of life (Eg: DNA replication, transcription, translation) Viral Morphology- DNA viruses _ & @.. poxvirus herpesvirus adenovirus papillomavirus 100 nm UN 100 nm Viral Morphology- 7 . RNA viruses poliovirus HIV influenza coronavirus rabies virus mumps virus (AIDS virus) virus (common cold) RNA VIRUSES COVID 19 Virus (SARS-CoV-2)- RNA virus - Single stranded RNA [+] strand - Novel virus, closely related to two bat-derived (SARS)-like coronaviruses - Genetic sequence published on 11 January 2020 - Contains viral envelope with lipid bilayer - The Spike protein mediates binding to host cell receptors and facilitates entry of the virus - Enters host cells via a receptor-angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) - Viruses can’t be cured, so our only defense against them is prevention. - We accomplish this using vaccines. - Vaccines safely induce an immune response that provides protection against viral disease - Vaccines contain a weakened or dead form of the virus, or viral proteins or nucleic acid, that is injected into the body - Introduction of vaccination against viral diseases has greatly decreased their incidence - Types of vaccines Licensed vaccines . Type of vaccine Using this technology First introduced Liv Magi ooanunanl ye attenuated yellow fever. influenza, oral LIVE (weakened or polio, typhoid, Japanese 1798 (smallpox) inactivated) encephalitis, rotavirus. BCG, varicelle zoster acd eens Whdle-cell pertussis, wi polio. influenza. ; N Oo N-LIVE organism Japanese encephalitis, peat trent) hepatitis A, rabies at Toxoid * a at Diphtheria, tetanus 1923 (diphtheria) * * Subui eon ny a if g hepatitis B, meningococcal, eA recombinant protein, aL tyro anthrax polysaccharide, peptide) Aff 0 Virus-like 1986 (hepatitisB) bene Hunan papillomavirus e vaccines- oldest and most well known. Create a long term immune response - BUT not suitable for those with a compromised immune system- as these weakened viruses could multiply and be passed on to other people - Live modern vaccines use modified, weakened pathogens- virus is less dangerous - OR use some part of the virus itself/closely resemble viruses but are not infectious- don’t contain genetic material Outer Pathogen: rane e Gram-negat 1987 ALL meme antigen Gramaegaive — GeypBmeningecocal ep enka meningococcal) NON-LIVE ames ae Haemophilus influenzae rotein-polysaccharide eee 1987 (H. influenzae note meningococcal, typhoid Go Carrier protein a - Viel vector Pathogen gene abe Ebola 2019(Ebola) Vialvector genes rae NA eee bes a ipidcoat —_SARS-CoV-2 2020 (SARS-CoV-2) Pathogen. cterial Cost eae Experimental : Bacterial vector Antiger- Pathogen presenting antigen Experimental - cell fe - mRNA vaccines- covid 19 vaccines - Types of nucleic acid vaccines (instead of supplying recombinant protein antigen)- quicker and easier to develop than protein vaccines - RNA vaccines use mRNA within a lipid membrane which protects the mRNA when it first enters the body. Helps them to fuse with the cell's membrane - mRNA is then transcribed and translated to produce the protein, which then produces the immune response - mRNA lasts a few days- but normally there are enough antigens made to stimulate the immune response- usually then broken down and removed by the body - No DNA vaccines RNA virus- so the normal base pairing doesn’t apply DNA or RNA 5.The COVID19 genome contains approximately 27.4% adenine. Using this value, the percentages of the other three bases of the genome may be calculated. A True (8) alse 4. Invariant components of all viruses are the nucleic acids DNA and RNA, and proteins. A. True ()False Notes on the coronavirus animation video: - Virus head to the intestines, spleen or the lungs where it has the most dramatic effect - Lungs are lined with epithelial cells - Corona connects to a specific receptor on the cell membranes to inject its genetic material - The cell fills with more copies of the original virus until it reaches a critical point and self-destructs - The cell ‘melts away’ releasing new corona particles which attack more cells - Number of infected cells grow exponentially - Asimmune cells pour into the lungs to fight the virus, corona infects some of them and creates confusion- sends way more immune cells than it should - Neutrophils and killer T cells- kill healthy tissue as well- may even cause permanent irreversible damage - In most cases- immune system gains control- kills infected cells, intercepts viruses trying to infect new ones - Insevere cases: millions of epithelial cells have died and with them, the lung’s protective lining is gone - The alveoli- tiny air sacs where breathing occurs- can be infected by bacteria- need ventilator