Break Even Analysis Charts And Graphs-Accounting-Lecture Notes, Study notes of Accounting

Download Break Even Analysis Charts And Graphs-Accounting-Lecture Notes and more Study notes Accounting in PDF only on Docsity! LESSON# 32 BREAKEVEN ANALYSIS – CHARTS AND GRAPHS The conventional break-even chart The conventional break-even chart plots total costs and total revenues at different output levels and shows the activity level at which break-even is achieved. Conventional break-even chart The chart or graph is constructed as follows: • Plot fixed costs, as a straight line parallel to the horizontal axis • Plot sales revenue and variable costs from the origin • Total costs represent fixed plus variable costs. The point at which the sales revenue and total cost lines intersect indicates the breakeven level of output. The amount of profit or loss at any given output can be read off the chart. By multiplying the sales volume by the unit price at the break-even point the level of revenue needed to break even can be determined. The chart is normally drawn up to the budgeted sales volume. The difference between the budgeted sales volume and break-even sales volume is referred to as the margin of safety. Usefulness of charts The conventional form of break-even charts was described above. Many variations of such charts exist to illustrate the main relationships of costs, volume and profit. Unclear or complex charts should, however, be avoided, as a chart which is not easily understood defeats its own object. Generally, break-even charts are most useful for the following purposes: • comparing products, time periods or actual outcomes versus planned outcomes • showing the effect of changes in circumstances or to plans • giving a broad picture of events, docsity.com Contribution break-even charts A contribution break-even chart is constructed with the variable costs at the foot of the diagram and the fixed costs shown above the variable cost line. The total cost line will be in the same position as in the break-even chart illustrated above; but by using the revised layout it is possible to read off the figures of contribution at various volume levels, as shown in the following diagram. Profit-volume chart A profit-volume chart is a graph which simply depicts the net profit and loss at any given level of activity. docsity.com 3. A completed CVP graph will show that profit or loss at any level of sales is measured by: (a) A vertical line between the fixed cost line and the x axis. (b) A horizontal line between the revenue line and the y axis. (c) A vertical line between the total revenue line and the total expenses line. (d) A horizontal line between the total revenue line and the total expenses line. 4. Contribution margin ratio is: (a) Total Contribution Margin / Sales. (b) Sales / Contribution Margin per unit, (c) Fixed cost / Contribution margin per unit. (d) Sales / Variable costs. 5. The impact on net operating income of any given dollar change in total sales can be computed by applying which ratio to the dollar change? (a) Profit margin. (b) Variable cost ratio. (c) Contribution Margin. (d) Ratio of Variable to Fixed Expenses. 6. The Hino Corporation has a breakeven point when sales are Rs. 160,000 and variable costs at that level of sales are Rs. 100,000. How much would contribution margin increase or decrease, if variable expenses dropped by Rs. 20,000? (a) 37.5%. (b) 60%. (c) 12.5%. (d) 26% 7. Which of the following represents the CVP equation? (a) Sales = Contribution margin + Fixed expenses + Profits (b) Sales = Contribution margin ratio + Fixed expenses + Profits (c) Sales = Variable expenses + Fixed expenses + Profits (d) Sales = Variable expenses - Fixed expenses + Profits 8. Margin of Safety is a term best described as the excess of: (a) Contribution margin over fixed expenses. (b) Total expenses over the breakeven point. (c) Sales over the breakeven point. (d) Sales over total costs. Point out which of the following statements are TRUE/FALSE 1. Cost-volume-profit (CVP) analysis summarizes the effects of change on an organization's volume of activity on its costs, revenue, and profit. 2. The break-even point is the volume of activity where an organization's revenues and expenses are equal, 3. Total contribution margin can be calculated by subtracting total fixed costs from total revenues. 4. Contribution margin / Sales price per unit = Contribution margin ratio. 5. The sales price of a single unit minus the unit's variable expenses is called the unit contribution margin- docsity.com 6. The contribution-margin ratio of a firm is determined by dividing the per unit contribution margin by the per unit sales price. 7. The safety margin of an enterprise is the difference between the budgeted sales revenue and the break-even sales revenue- 8. A company's break-even sales revenues are Rs, 400,000, and its contribution margin is 40%. If fixed costs increase by Rs. 24,000, breakeven sales will increase to Rs. 440,000. 9. If the total contribution margin at break-even sales is Rs, 45,000, then the fixed costs must also be Rs. 45,000, 10. If a company sells 50 units of A at Rs. 8 contribution margin and 200 units of B at a Rs. 6 contribution margin, the weighted-average contribution margin is Rs. 7.00. docsity.com