BRIEF CONTENTS, Exercises of Literature

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BRIEF CONTENTS Detailed Contents ix Alternate Contents by Genre xxiii Preface to Instructors xxix Resources for Students and Instructors xxxv Acknowledgments xxxvii About the Author xxxix PART I MAKING CONNECTIONS 1 Chapter 1 Participation: Personal Response and Critical Thinking 3 Chapter 2 Communication: Writing About Literature 21 PART II ANALYSIS, ARGUMENTATION, AND RESEARCH 53 Chapter 3 Exploration and Analysis: Genre and the Elements of Literature 55 Chapter 4 Argumentation: Writing a Critical Essay 146 Chapter 5 Research: Writing with Secondary Sources 172 Case Study in Research: Thinking About Interpretation, Culture, and Research 187 PART III A THEMATIC ANTHOLOGY 199 Family and Friends 200 Fiction 204 Poetry 283 Drama 299 Essays 348 Case Study in Composition: Thinking About Interpretation and Biography 362 Women and Men 451 Fiction 455 Poetry 508 Drama 528 vi Brief Contents vii Essays 547 Case Study in Composition: Thinking About Interpretation in Context 556 Heritage and Identity 638 Fiction 642 Poetry 693 Drama 710 Essays 753 Case Study in Composition: Thinking About Interpretation and Performance 782 Culture and Class 912 Fiction 916 Poetry 965 Drama 979 Essays 1000 Case Study in Composition: Writers of the Harlem Renaissance 1018 Faith and Doubt 1067 Fiction 1070 Poetry 1133 Drama 1166 Essays 1277 Case Study in Composition: Connecting Through Comparison: Poetry and Painting 1299 Appendix A: Critical Approaches to Literature 1326 Appendix B: Writing About Film 1334 Appendix C: Documentation 1342 Glossary of Literary Terms 1353 Literary and Photo Credits 1358 Index of Author Names, Titles, and First Lines of Poetry 1369 Index of Literary Terms 1377 NEW YORK TIMES, “Birmingham Bomb Kills 4” 16 DUDLEY RANDALL, Ballad of Birmingham 17 Participating, Not Solving 19 Using Our Imaginations 19 The Whole and Its Parts 20 CHAPTER 2 Communication: Writing About Literature 21 The Response Essay 21 Voice and Writing 22 Voice and Response to Literature 22 Connecting Through Experience—Incident 23 COUNTEE CULLEN, Incident 23 Writing to Describe 25 Choosing Details 25 Choosing Details from Literature 25 Connecting Through Experience—Eleven 25 SANDRA CISNEROS, Eleven 26 Writing to Compare 28 Comparing and Contrasting Using a Venn Diagram 29 Connecting Through Experience—Mothers 30 ANNA QUINDLEN, Mothers 30 Connecting Through Experience—Salvation 32 LANGSTON HUGHES, Salvation 32 Possible Worlds 34 Checklist: The Basics of a Response Essay 36 From First Response to Final Draft 37 The Importance of Revision 37 Using Your First Response 37 Choosing a Topic 38 Extending Your Ideas 38 Semantic Mapping or Clustering 41 Mix and Match 42 Generating Ideas Through Collaboration 42 The Response Essay: Composing a Draft 42 Dierdre’s Draft 43 Revision 46 Organization and Unity 46 Showing Support 47 Clarity 47 Voice 47 Checklist: Revision 47 Checklist: Editing and Proofreading 48 Dierdre’s Revised Essay 49 x Detailed Contents PART II ANALYSIS, ARGUMENTATION, AND RESEARCH 53 CHAPTER 3 Exploration and Analysis: Genre and the Elements of Literature 55 Close Reading 55 Annotating the Text 56 First Annotation: Exploration 56 PERCY BYSSHE SHELLEY, Ozymandias 56 Second Annotation: Analysis 57 Literature in Its Many Contexts 57 Your Critical Approach 57 Reading and Analyzing Fiction 58 Narration 58 Point of View 58 Setting 60 Conflict 61 Plot 61 Character 63 Language and Style 64 Diction 64 Symbol 64 Irony 64 Theme 65 Summary Checklist: Analyzing Fiction 65 Getting Ideas for Writing About Fiction 67 KATE CHOPIN, The Story of an Hour 67 Reading and Analyzing Poetry 71 Language and Style 72 Denotation and Connotation 72 Voice 72 Tone 72 Irony 73 STEPHEN CRANE, War Is Kind 73 Imagery 74 HELEN CHASSIN, The Word Plum 74 ROBERT BROWNING, Meeting at Night 74 Parting at Morning 75 Figurative Language: Everyday Poetry 75 LANGSTON HUGHES, A Dream Deferred 76 N. SCOTT MOMADAY, Simile 76 CARL SANDBURG, Fog 77 JAMES STEPHENS, The Wind 77 Symbol 78 Detailed Contents xi xii Detailed Contents ROBERT FROST, The Road Not Taken 78 Sound and Structure 79 Rhyme, Alliteration, and Assonance 79 Finding the Beat: Limericks 80 Meter 80 Formal Verse: The Sonnet 81 WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE, Sonnet No. 29 81 Blank Verse 82 Free or Open Form Verse 82 WALT WHITMAN, When I Heard the Learn’d Astronomer 83 Interpretation: What Does the Poem Mean? 83 Explication 83 Types of Poetry 84 Lyric Poetry 84 Narrative Poetry 84 Summary Checklist: Analyzing Poetry 85 Getting Ideas for Writing About Poetry 86 MAY SWENSON, Pigeon Woman 86 Reading and Analyzing Drama 89 Reading a Play 89 Point of View 90 Set and Setting 90 Conflict 91 Plot 91 The Poetics 92 Tragedy 92 Comedy 92 Characterization 93 Language and Style 93 Diction 93 Symbol 93 Irony 94 Theme 94 Periods of Drama: A Brief Background 94 Greek Drama 94 Shakespearean Drama 96 Modern Drama 100 Summary Checklist: Analyzing Drama 102 Getting Ideas for Writing About Drama 103 Tips on Reading Antigonê 103 SOPHOCLES, Antigonê 104 Reading and Analyzing Essays 136 Types of Essays 136 Narrative 136 Expository 137 Argumentative 137 Language, Style, and Structure 137 Detailed Contents xv SEAMUS HEANEY, Digging 287 Mid-Term Break 288 PHILIP LARKIN, This Be the Verse 289 MICHAEL LASSELL, How to Watch Your Brother Die 290 LI-YOUNG LEE, The Gift 293 JANICE MIRIKITANI, For My Father 294 SHARON OLDS, 35/10 296 THEODORE ROETHKE, My Papa’s Waltz 297 CATHY SONG, The Youngest Daughter 298 Drama 299 TENNESSEE WILLIAMS, The Glass Menagerie 300 Essays 348 DORIS KEARNS GOODWIN, From Father, with Love 348 MAXINE HONG KINGSTON, No Name Woman 350 MARK TWAIN, Advice to Youth 359 CASE STUDY IN COMPOSITION Thinking About Interpretation and Biography 362 Lorraine Hansberry and A Raisin in the Sun 362 LORRAINE HANSBERRY, A Raisin in the Sun 363 Lorraine Hansberry—In Her Own Words 425 In Others’ Words JAMES BALDWIN, Sweet Lorraine 431 JULIUS LESTER, The Heroic Dimension in A Raisin in the Sun 433 ANNE CHENEY, The African Heritage in A Raisin in the Sun 435 STEVEN R. CARTER, Hansberry’s Artistic Misstep 438 MARGARET B. WILKERSON, Hansberry’s Awareness of Culture and Gender 439 MICHAEL ANDERSON, A Raisin in the Sun: A Landmark Lesson in Being Black 441 A Student Essay 445 Exploring the Literature of Family and Friends: Options for Writing and Research 449 Women and Men 451 A Dialogue Across History 452 Women and Men: Exploring Your Own Values and Beliefs 454 Reading and Writing About Women and Men 454 Fiction 455 ANTON CHEKHOV, The Lady with the Pet Dog 455 WILLIAM FAULKNER, A Rose for Emily 467 CHARLOTTE PERKINS GILMAN, The Yellow Wallpaper 474 ERNEST HEMINGWAY, Hills Like White Elephants 486 JAMES JOYCE, Araby 490 BOBBIE ANN MASON, Shiloh 494 ROSARIO MORALES, The Day It Happened 505 xvi Detailed Contents Poetry 508 Connecting Through Comparison: Be My Love 508 CHRISTOPHER MARLOWE, The Passionate Shepherd to His Love 508 WALTER RALEIGH, The Nymph’s Reply to the Shepherd 509 ANDREW MARVELL, To His Coy Mistress 510 MAYA ANGELOU, Phenomenal Woman 512 MARGARET ATWOOD, You Fit into Me 514 Siren Song 514 ELIZABETH BARRETT BROWNING, How Do I Love Thee? 515 ROBERT BROWNING, Porphyria’s Lover 516 NIKKI GIOVANNI, Woman 518 JUDY GRAHN, Ella, in a Square Apron, Along Highway 80 519 A. E. HOUSMAN, When I Was One-and-Twenty 520 EDNA ST. VINCENT MILLAY, What Lips My Lips Have Kissed, and Where, and Why 521 Love Is Not All 522 SHARON OLDS, Sex Without Love 522 SYLVIA PLATH, Mirror 523 ALBERTO RIOS, The Purpose of Altar Boys 524 Connecting Through Comparison: Shall I Compare Thee? 526 WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE, Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer’s Day? (Sonnet No. 18) 526 HOWARD MOSS, Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer’s Day? 526 WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE, My Mistress’ Eyes Are Nothing Like the Sun (Sonnet No. 130) 527 Drama 528 ANTON CHEKHOV, The Proposal 528 Connecting and Comparing Across Genres: Cinderella 539 JACOB LUDWIG CARL GRIMM AND WILHELM CARL GRIMM, Cinderella 539 ANNE SEXTON, Cinderella 544 Essays 547 BRUNO BETTELHEIM, Cinderella 547 SEI SHONAGAN, A Lover’s Departure 552 VIRGINIA WOOLF, If Shakespeare Had a Sister 553 CASE STUDY IN COMPOSITION Thinking About Interpretation in Context 556 Women in Cultural and Historical Context 556 HENRIK IBSEN, A Doll’s House 557 The Adams Letters 615 A Husband’s Letter to His Wife 616 SOJOURNER TRUTH, “Ain’t I a Woman” 617 HENRIK IBSEN, Notes (for the Modern Tragedy) 618 The Changed Ending of A Doll’s House for a German Production 619 Detailed Contents xvii Speech at the Banquet of the Norwegian League for Women’s Rights 619 ELIZABETH CADY STANTON, Excerpt from The Solitude of Self 620 WILBUR FISK TILLETT, Excerpt from Southern Womanhood 621 DOROTHY DIX, The American Wife 622 Women and Suicide 623 CHARLOTTE PERKINS STETSON (GILMAN), Excerpt from Women and Economics 624 NATALIE ZEMON DAVIS AND JILL KER CONWAY, The Rest of the Story 625 A Student Essay 632 Exploring the Literature of Women and Men: Options for Writing and Research 636 Heritage and Identity 638 A Dialogue Across History 639 Heritage and Identity: Exploring Your Own Values and Beliefs 641 Reading and Writing About Heritage and Identity 641 Fiction 642 JULIA ALVAREZ, Snow 642 WILLA CATHER, Paul’s Case 643 JAMAICA KINCAID, Girl 658 TAHIRA NAQVI, Brave We Are 659 FRANK O’CONNOR, My Oedipus Complex 664 AMY TAN, Two Kinds 672 TWO READERS/TWO CHOICES: ALICE WALKER, Everyday Use 681 Two Sample Student Essays 688 Poetry 693 Connecting Through Comparison: The Mask We Wear 693 W. H. AUDEN, The Unknown Citizen 693 PAUL LAURENCE DUNBAR, We Wear the Mask 694 T. S. ELIOT, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock 695 SHERMAN ALEXIE, On the Amtrak from Boston to New York City 699 GLORIA ANZALDÚA, To Live in the Borderlands Means You 701 ELIZABETH BISHOP, In the Waiting Room 702 GWENDOLYN BROOKS, We Real Cool 705 E.E. CUMMINGS, anyone lived in a pretty how town 706 MARTIN ESPADA, Latin Night at the Pawn Shop 708 PAT MORA, Immigrants 708 WILLIAM BUTLER YEATS, The Lake Isle of Innisfree 709 Drama 710 SOPHOCLES, Oedipus Rex 710 Essays 753 MAYA ANGELOU, Graduation 753 JOAN DIDION, Why I Write 761 xx Detailed Contents Faith and Doubt 1067 A Dialogue Across History 1068 Faith and Doubt: Exploring Your Own Values and Beliefs 1070 Reading and Writing About Faith and Doubt 1070 Fiction 1070 THOMAS BULFINCH, The Myth of Daedalus and Icarus 1070 RAYMOND CARVER, Cathedral 1072 NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE, Young Goodman Brown 1083 PAM HOUSTON, A Blizzard Under Blue Sky 1092 JOYCE CAROL OATES, Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? 1096 TIM O’BRIEN, The Things They Carried 1109 LUIGI PIRANDELLO, War 1122 JOHN STEINBECK, The Chrysanthemums 1125 Poetry 1133 Connecting Through Comparison: September 11, 2001 1133 DEBORAH GARRISON, I Saw You Walking 1133 BRIAN DOYLE, Leap 1134 BILLY COLLINS, The Names 1135 MATTHEW ARNOLD, Dover Beach 1137 WILLIAM BLAKE, The Lamb 1138 The Tyger 1139 ROBERT BRIDGES, London Snow 1140 STEPHEN CRANE, A Man Said to the Universe 1141 EMILY DICKINSON, Tell All the Truth But Tell It Slant 1142 After Great Pain, a Formal Feeling Comes 1142 Much Madness Is Divinest Sense 1142 There’s a Certain Slant of Light 1143 She Sweeps with Many-Colored Brooms 1143 Success Is Counted Sweetest 1143 I Heard a Fly Buzz—When I Died— 1144 JOHN DONNE, A Valediction Forbidding Mourning 1145 Death, Be Not Proud 1146 MARK DOTY, Brilliance 1147 ROBERT FROST, Fire and Ice 1149 “Out, Out . . .” 1149 TESS GALLAGHER, The Hug 1150 A. E. HOUSMAN, To an Athlete Dying Young 1152 JOHN KEATS, When I Have Fears That I May Cease To Be 1153 GALWAY KINNELL, Saint Francis and the Sow 1154 WILLIAM STAFFORD, Traveling Through the Dark 1155 DYLAN THOMAS, Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night 1156 WALT WHITMAN, Song of Myself 6 1157 Connecting Through Comparison: The Impact of War 1158 THOMAS HARDY, The Man He Killed 1159 Detailed Contents xxi AMY LOWELL, Patterns 1160 WILFRED OWEN, Dulce et Decorum Est 1162 CARL SANDBURG, Grass 1163 YUSEF KOMUNYAKAA, Facing It 1164 Drama 1166 TWO READERS/TWO CHOICES: WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE, Othello 1166 Two Sample Student Essays 1269 Essays 1277 ALBERT CAMUS, The Myth of Sisyphus 1277 PLATO, The Allegory of the Cave 1280 PHILIP SIMMONS, Learning to Fall 1285 HENRY DAVID THOREAU, Civil Disobedience 1291 CASE STUDY IN COMPOSITION Connecting Through Comparison: Poetry and Painting 1299 PETER BRUEGHEL, Landscape with the Fall of Icarus 1302 / W. H. AUDEN, Musée des Beaux Arts 1302 and ALAN DEVENISH, Icarus Again 1303 JACOPO TINTORETTO, Crucifixion 1304 / N. SCOTT MOMADAY, Before an Old Painting of the Crucifixion 1305 EDWARD HOPPER, Nighthawks 1306 / SAMUEL YELLEN, Nighthawks 1307 VINCENT VAN GOGH, Starry Night 1308 / ANNE SEXTON, The Starry Night 1309 PABLO PICASSO, The Old Guitarist 1310 / WALLACE STEVENS, The Man with the Blue Guitar 1310 JEAN-FRANCOIS MILLET, The Gleaners 1312 / MARY ELLEN LECLAIR, The Clark Institute: Labor Day, 1999 1312 EDWIN ROMANZO ELMER, The Mourning Picture 1314 / ADRIENNE RICH, Mourning Picture 1315 JAN VERMEER, The Loveletter 1316 / SANDRA NELSON, When a Woman Holds a Letter 1316 A Student’s Comparison and Contrast Essay: Process and Product 1317 Exploring the Literature of Faith and Doubt: Options for Writing and Research 1324 Appendix A: Critical Approaches to Literature 1326 Appendix B: Writing About Film 1334 Appendix C: Documentation 1342 Glossary of Literary Terms 1353 Literary and Photo Credits 1358 Index of Author Names, Titles, and First Lines of Poetry 1369 Index of Literary Terms 1377 Alternate Contents by Genre xxv She Sweeps with Many-Colored Brooms 1143 Success Is Counted Sweetest 1143 Tell All the Truth but Tell It Slant 1142 There’s a Certain Slant of Light 1143 JOHN DONNE, A Valediction Forbidding Mourning 1145 Death, Be Not Proud 1146 MARK DOTY, Brilliance 1147 BRIAN DOYLE, Leap 1134 PAUL LAURENCE DUNBAR, We Wear the Mask 694 T. S. ELIOT, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock 695 MARTIN ESPADA, Latin Night at the Pawn Shop 708 LAWRENCE FERLINGHETTI, Constantly Risking Absurdity 976 ROBERT FRANCIS, Pitcher 967 ROBERT FROST, Fire and Ice 1149 Mending Wall 285 “Out, Out . . ." 1149 The Road Not Taken 78 ELIZABETH GAFFNEY, Losses That Turn Up in Dreams 283 TESS GALLAGHER, The Hug 1150 DEBORAH GARRISON, I Saw You Walking 1133 NIKKI GIOVANNI, Woman 518 JUDY GRAHN, Ella, in a Square Apron, Along Highway 80 519 THOMAS HARDY, The Man He Killed 1159 ROBERT HAYDEN, Those Winter Sundays 13 SEAMUS HEANEY, Digging 287 Mid-Term Break 288 A.E. HOUSMAN, To an Athlete Dying Young 1152 When I Was One-and-Twenty 520 LANGSTON HUGHES, A Dream Deferred 76 I, Too 1036 The Negro Speaks of Rivers 1035 The Weary Blues 1036 Theme for English B 1043 GEORGIA DOUGLAS JOHNSON, I Want to Die While You Love Me 1048 JOHN KEATS, When I Have Fears That I May Cease To Be 1153 GALWAY KINNELL, Saint Francis and the Sow 1154 YUSEF KOMUNYAKAA, Facing It 1164 PHILIP LARKIN, This Be the Verse 289 MICHAEL LASSELL, How To Watch Your Brother Die 290 MARY ELLEN LECLAIR, The Clark Institute: Labor Day, 1999 1312 LI-YOUNG LEE, The Gift 293 AMY LOWELL, Patterns 1160 ARCHIBALD MACLEISH, Ars Poetica 975 CHRISTOPHER MARLOWE, The Passionate Shepherd to His Love 508 ANDREW MARVELL, To His Coy Mistress 510 CLAUDE MCKAY, America 1044 PETER MEINKE, Advice to My Son 9 xxvi Alternate Contents by Genre EDNA ST. VINCENT MILLAY, Love Is Not All 522 What Lips My Lips Have Kissed, and Where, and Why 521 JANICE MIRIKITANI, For My Father 294 N. SCOTT MOMADAY, Before an Old Painting of the Crucifixion 1305 Simile 76 PAT MORA, Immigrants 708 SANDRA NELSON, When a Woman Holds a Letter 1316 HOWARD MOSS, Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer’s Day? 526 SHARON OLDS, Sex Without Love 522 35/10 296 WILFRED OWEN, Dulce et Decorum Est 1162 MARGE PIERCY, Barbie Doll 14 To Be of Use 968 SYLVIA PLATH, Mirror 523 WALTER RALEIGH, The Nymph’s Reply to the Shepherd 509 DUDLEY RANDALL, Ballad of Birmingham 17 ADRIENNE RICH, Mourning Picture 1315 ALBERTO RIOS, The Purpose of Altar Boys 524 EDWIN ARLINGTON ROBINSON, Mr. Flood’s Party 970 Richard Cory 969 THEODORE ROETHKE, My Papa’s Waltz 297 CARL SANDBURG, Fog 77 Grass 1163 ANNE SEXTON, Cinderella 544 The Starry Night 1309 WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE, Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer’s Day? (Sonnet No. 18) 526 Sonnet No. 29 81 When to the Sessions of Sweet Silent Thought (Sonnet No. 30) 284 My Mistress’ Eyes Are Nothing Like the Sun (Sonnet No. 130) 527 PERCY BYSSHE SHELLEY, Ozymandias 56 STEVIE SMITH, Not Waving but Drowning 12 CATHY SONG, The Youngest Daughter 298 ANNE SPENCER, Lady, Lady 1047 WILLIAM STAFFORD, Traveling Through the Dark 1155 JAMES STEPHENS, The Wind 77 WALLACE STEVENS, The Man with the Blue Guitar 1310 MAY SWENSON, Pigeon Woman 86 DYLAN THOMAS, Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night 1156 JEAN TOOMER, Reapers 1046 JOHN UPDIKE, Ex-Basketball Player 972 WALT WHITMAN, Song of Myself 6 1157 When I Heard the Learn’d Astronomer 83 WILLIAM CARLOS WILLIAMS, At the Ball Game 973 WILLIAM WORDSWORTH, Composed Up on Westminster Bridge, September 3, 1802 966 Alternate Contents by Genre xxvii WILLIAM BUTLER YEATS, The Lake Isle of Innisfree 709 SAMUEL YELLEN, Nighthawks 1307 PAUL ZIMMER, Zimmer in Grade School 11 Drama ANTON CHEKHOV, The Proposal 528 SUSAN GLASPELL, Trifles 979 LORRAINE HANSBERRY, A Raisin in the Sun 363 HENRIK IBSEN, A Doll’s House 557 WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE, Hamlet, Prince of Denmark 783 Othello 1167 SOPHOCLES, Antigonê 104 Oedipus Rex 710 LUIS VALDEZ, Los Vendidos 990 TENNESSEE WILLIAMS, The Glass Menagerie 300 Essays ANONYMOUS, A Husband’s Letter to His Wife 616 MICHAEL ANDERSON, A Raisin in the Sun: A Landmark Lesson in Being Black 441 MAYA ANGELOU, Graduation 753 JAMES BALDWIN, Sweet Lorraine 431 BRUNO BETTELHEIM, Cinderella 547 ALBERT CAMUS, The Myth of Sisyphus 1277 STEVEN R. CARTER, Hansberry’s Artistic Misstep 438 ANNE CHENEY, The African Heritage in A Raisin in the Sun 435 NATALIE ZEMON DAVIS AND JILL KER CONWAY, The Rest of the Story 625 JOAN DIDION, Why I Write 761 DOROTHY DIX, The American Wife 622 Women and Suicide 623 FREDERICK DOUGLASS, Learning to Read and Write 1000 JESSIE FAUSET, On The Negro Speaks of Rivers 1058 DORIS KEARNS GOODWIN, From Father with Love 348 LORRAINE HANSBERRY, In Her Own Words 362 LANGSTON HUGHES, Salvation 32 From The Big Sea 1028 The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain 1032 On The Negro Speaks of Rivers 1057 HENRIK IBSEN, Notes for the Modern Tragedy 618 The Changed Ending of A Doll’s House for a German Production 619 Speech at the Banquet of the Norwegian League for Women’s Rights 619 ONWUCHEKWA JEMIE, On The Negro Speaks of Rivers 1059 MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR., I Have a Dream 766 MAXINE HONG KINGSTON, No Name Woman 350