Brioche - 1st Year examination test with the correct marking scheme of 2024, Exams of Biochemistry

Download Brioche - 1st Year examination test with the correct marking scheme of 2024 and more Exams Biochemistry in PDF only on Docsity! Brioche - 1st Year examination test with the correct marking scheme of 2024 1. All amino acids contain a central carbon, a side chain (R group), an amino group and a __________ group. - Correct Answers Carboxyl 2. Amino acids can undergo a proton transfer, thus giving both a (+) and (-) charge. This molecular state is called the ________. - Correct Answers Zwitterion 3. Amino acid that are unable to be synthesized from biochemical pathways within a cell have to be consumed through dietary intake. These are called _______ amino acids. - Correct Answers Essential 4. When two amino acids join together, they are joined by an aide bond. This is also referred to as a _______ bond. - Correct Answers Peptide 5. Which level of protein structure involves the amino acid sequence, but not the folding of the protein? - Correct Answers Primary 6. Unfolding a protein using heat is a process called ________. This process does not affect the primary sequence of the protein. - Correct Answers Denaturation 7. If a neutral amino acid is placed in a very basic environment (pH > 10), it will lose a proton (H+) from the __________ functional group. - Correct Answers Carboxyl - COOH 8. Disulphides bonds are covalent bonds between two _______ amino acids. - Correct Answers Cysteine 9. The process of breaking the bonds between amino acids within a polypeptide is called a ______ reaction. - Correct Answers Hydrolysis 10.All amino acids contain both an acidic carboxyl group and a basic ______ group. - Correct Answers Amino 11.Amino acids never exist in nature as neutral molecules; rather they undergo a proton transfer to form a ______. - Correct Answers Zwitterion 12.Humans are unable to produce _____ of the amino acids required, and therefore they are referred to as essential amino acids. - Correct Answers 10 13. If an amino acid is placed in a very acidic environment (pH < 2) which functional group gains a proton (H)? - Correct Answers Carboxyl group 14.The amino acid at the "ends" of the peptide can be either an N-terminal amino acid or a ________ amino acid. - Correct Answers C-terminal 15.Which level of protein structure describes the 3D arrangement of localized regions? - Correct Answers Secondary structure 16.Each turn in an alpha helix contains ____ (number) amino acid residues. - Correct Answers 3.6 17.Some enzymes, such as pepsin, break down polypeptides by ______. - Correct Answers Hydrolysis 18.Various processes, including heating, can achieve disruption of secondary, tertiary, and even quaternary protein structure. This type of change in a proteins shape is termed ______. - Correct Answers Denaturation 19.There are _____ amino acids that humans must obtain from diet and can't produce. - Correct Answers 10 20.All amino acids contain the acidic _____ group and a basic amino group - Correct Answers Carboxyl 21.Amino acids never exist in nature as neutral molecules; they undergo a ______ transfer to from a zwitterion. - Correct Answers Proton 22. In the Fischer projections when L and D isomers can be identified by the position of NH3+ group, _____ isomers are considered common naturally occurring amino acids. - Correct Answers L isomers 23. If an amino acid is placed in an environment with pH around 6, they will exist in their ______ form. - Correct Answers Zwitterion 24.Which structure of protein shows the sequence of amino acids that form the protein? - Correct Answers Primary 25.______ Bonds are covalent bonds that help stabilize the tertiary structure of protein. - Correct Answers Disulfide 26.The first step in digestion of protein involves some enzymes such as pepsin in a process called ______. - Correct Answers Hydrolysis 55.Damp is an abbreviation for which nucleotide? - Correct Answers Deoxyadenosine 5' monophosphate 56. In a DNA molecule, what nucleotide is the complementary base for Adenine? - Correct Answers Thymine 57.How many nucleotides make up a codon? - Correct Answers 3 nucleotides 58.Three stages of protein synthesis? - Correct Answers initiation, elongation, termination 59.Which group of nitrogen-containing bases is known for their 2-ring structure? - Correct Answers Purine 60.What is the full name of the monosaccharide found in DNA? - Correct Answers D-2- deoxyribose 61.CMP is an abbreviation for which nucleotide? - Correct Answers Cytidine 5' monophosphate 62.Which carbon atom of a nucleoside does the phosphate group bind to in order to create a nucleotide? - Correct Answers 5th carbon 63.DNA had a _____-handed double helix structure - Correct Answers Right 64.How many codons code for amino acids? - Correct Answers 61 65.Nuclei acids are unbranded polymers composed of repeating monomers called _____? - Correct Answers Nucleotides 66.RNA contains _____ instead of thymine - Correct Answers Uracil 67.ATP is an abbreviation for which nucleotide? - Correct Answers Adenosine 5'- triphosphate 68.The _____ group binds the 5' carbon atom of a nucleoside in order to create a nucleotide. - Correct Answers Phosphate 69.The double helix in DNA is stabilized by _______ bonding between bases. - Correct Answers Hydrogen 70.Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries information from DNA to _____? - Correct Answers Ribosome 71.Monosaccharides generally contain from ____ to ____ carbon atoms. - Correct Answers 3 to 6 72.Monosaccharides are known to contain a ____ functional group at either C1 or C2 atoms/ - Correct Answers Carbonyl 73.Which carbon atom contains a ketone functional group in ketone molecules? - Correct Answers C2 74.Bond between two monosaccharides is called a _____ linkage. - Correct Answers Glyosidic 75.How many carbon atoms are present in a tetrode molecule? - Correct Answers 4 76.How many carbon atoms are present in a triose molecule? - Correct Answers 3 77.How many carbon atoms are present in a pentose molecule? - Correct Answers 5 78.How many carbon atoms are present in a hexose molecule? - Correct Answers 6 79. Is glycogen a branded or unbranded polymer? - Correct Answers Unbranched 80.Which polysaccharide is the major form produced by humans? - Correct Answers Glycogen 81.A monosaccharide is a ketopentose if it has a _____ functional group and _____ carbon atoms. - Correct Answers Ketone; 5 82.When two monosaccharides join to form a disaccharide the bond occurs between the _____ carbon atom on the first molecule and the _____ carbon atom on the second molecule. - Correct Answers C1 and C4 83.The glucose molecule can exist in equilibrium as 3 different forms. What term is used to describe this? - Correct Answers Autorotation 84.A monosaccharide is called ketoses if it has a ketone group at the _____ carbon atom. - Correct Answers C2 85.When the orientation of a disaccharides is in a way that the glycoside bond is down, it is _____ glycoside. - Correct Answers Alpha 86.The non-polar nature of lipids comes from the large number of C-H and _____ bonds? - Correct Answers C-C 87.What are the two categories of lipids? - Correct Answers Hydrolysable and nonhydrolyzable lipids 88.Hydrolysable lipids include waxes, phospholipids and ________? - Correct Answers Triglycerols 89.Waxes are esters formed from the reaction of a high molecular weight alcohol and a _______? - Correct Answers Fatty acid 90.Oils have a lower melting point compared to fats because they have ______ double bonds in their structure. - Correct Answers More 91.Triacylglycerol’s are composed of a ______ molecule bound to three molecules of fatty acids. - Correct Answers Glycerol 92.Fats have a higher melting point compared to oils because they have ____ double bonds in their structure. - Correct Answers Less 93.Which type of phospholipid does not contain a glycerol backbone? - Correct Answers Sphingomyelin 94.Do naturally occurring fatty acids have an odd or even number of carbon atoms? - Correct Answers Even 95.Waxes are esters formed from the reaction of a fatty acid and a _____ - Correct Answers Alcohol 96.Steroids are a class of lipids that are characterized by having a carbon skeleton consisting of ____ six-membered rings and one five-membered ring. - Correct Answers Three 97.What is the relationship between the number of double bonds and the melting temperature of a fatty acid? - Correct Answers Increase in number of double bonds = decrease in melting point 98.Lipids contain a large number of c-c and c-h bonds. Does this mean they are polar or non-polar? - Correct Answers Non-polar 99.Lipids are identified based on the fact that they are soluble in organic solvents, but insoluble in water. True/false - Correct Answers True 100. True/False - lipids contain a large number of carbon-oxygen and oxygen- oxygen bonds. - Correct Answers False 101. True/false - naturally occurring fatty acids have even numbers of carbon atoms. - Correct Answers True 102. True/false - anabolic reactions involve the release of energy? - Correct Answers False 132. For the conversion of L-dopa to dopamine, what functional group is replaced by a single hydrogen? - Correct Answers COOH - Carboxyl group 133. Tryptophan is a precursor amino acid for which neurotransmitter? - Correct Answers Serotonin 134. What kind of molecule is acetylcholine? - Correct Answers Quaternary Ammonium ion 135. When a nitrogen atom is bound to four organic groups, it exists as a ________? - Correct Answers Quaternary ammonium ion 136. The reaction of an amine with a carboxylic acid derivative, results in what type of molecule? - Correct Answers Water soluble ammonium ion 137. For the conversion of tyrosine to L-dopa what single functional group is added to the tyrosine molecule? - Correct Answers Hydroxyl group 138. When amines react with _____ an ammonium salt is formed - Correct Answers Acid 139. What is the common structure that is found in many physiological compounds, including noradrenaline, adrenaline, amphetamine, and methamphetamine? - Correct Answers 2-phenylethylamine 140. Amide bonds are formed by ________ to join amino acids together. - Correct Answers Condensation reactions 141. Some cofactors serve as oxidising agents, some serve as reducing agents and some serve other purposes. What reaction is FAD involved in? - Correct Answers Oxidation reactions 142. Some cofactors serve as oxidising agents, some serve as reducing agents and some serve other purposes. What reaction is NADH involved in? - Correct Answers Reducing agent 143. Some cofactors serve as oxidising agents, some serve as reducing agents and some serve other purposes. What reaction is NAD+ involved in? - Correct Answers Oxidation reactions 144. The monosaccharides that make up cellulose are joined together by which form of bond? Alpha or beta? - Correct Answers Beta glycosidic linkage 145. True/false - Waxes and phospholipids are able to be broken into smaller molecules via hydrolysis? - Correct Answers True 146. What is the term for the process by which fatty acids are catabolised? - Correct Answers Beta-oxidation 147. What is the classification of enzymes that catalyse the cleave of single bonds using H2O molecule? - Correct Answers Hydrolases 148. Monosaccharides that make up amylose are joined together by which form of bond? Alpha or beta? - Correct Answers Alpha 149. Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries info from DNA to _____? - Correct Answers Ribosome 150. Hydrolysable lipids? (Hint-3 of them) - Correct Answers Waxes, triacylglycerol’s and phospholipids 151. Nonhydrolyzable lipids? (Hint-3 of them) - Correct Answers Steroids, fat- soluble vitamins and eicosanoids 152. Waxes are esters formed from the reaction of a fatty acid and a ______? - Correct Answers Alcohol 153. What neurotransmitter is a quaternary ammonium ion and acts between neurons and muscle cells? - Correct Answers Acetylcholine 154. True/false- lipids are identified based on the fact that there are very long hydrocarbon chains attached to polar heads? - Correct Answers False 155. The complete catabolism do glucose results in a yield of how many ATP molecules? - Correct Answers 32 ATP 156. Is glycolysis a linear, cyclic or spiral pathway? - Correct Answers Linear 157. Which level of protein structure describes the 3D arrangement of multiple, separate polypeptide strands to form the final protein complex? - Correct Answers Quaternary 158. Name the DNA nucleoside derived from cytosine base - Correct Answers Pyrimidine 159. In the cyclic form of glucose, which carbon atom is known as the anomeric carbon? - Correct Answers C1 160. When autorotation is occurring, the glucose molecule can exist in 3 different forms, including alpha & beta anomeric forms. What is the third form? - Correct Answers Linear 161. What type of reaction takes place when two amino acids join together to form an amide bond? - Correct Answers Condensation reaction 162. Enzymes that are able to act on a wide range of substrates, but are specific for a single type of reaction, can be explained by which model of enzyme/substrate interaction? - Correct Answers Induced-fit 163. Is noncompetitive inhibition reversible or irreversible inhibition? - Correct Answers Reversible 164. Cellulose is an unbranded polymer of which monosaccharide? - Correct Answers Glucose 165. A codon is sequence of how many amino acids? - Correct Answers 1 166. Depending on the R group an amino acid can be classified as ____ when additional COOH group is in the side chain - Correct Answers Acidic 167. Cellulose is composed of glucose rings joined together with ____ glycoside linkage - Correct Answers Beta 168. The 'n' in an omega-n fatty acid refer to the carbon where the first double- bond occurs from the ____ end of the fatty acid chain. - Correct Answers CH3 169. True/False - Coenzyme A is a reducing agent - Correct Answers False 170. When energy is requires for transport, it is provided by hydrolysis of _____ - Correct Answers ATP 171. The neurotransmitter dopamine is a direct precursor to which other neurotransmitter? - Correct Answers Norepinephrine 172. When acetylcholine binds to the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor it cause _____ to occur. - Correct Answers A cascade of signals within cell