Bryant-Taneda: AP Psychology Test Bank – Memory (Chapter 9), Study notes of Construction

Download Bryant-Taneda: AP Psychology Test Bank – Memory (Chapter 9) and more Study notes Construction in PDF only on Docsity! Chap 9 - 1 Bryant-Taneda: AP Psychology Test Bank – Memory (Chapter 9) 1. Helen went to the store for furniture polish, carrots, pencils, ham, sponges, celery, notebook paper, and salami. She remembered to buy all these items by reminding herself that she needed food products that included meats and vegetables and that she needed nonfood products that included school supplies and cleaning aids. Helen made effective use of: A) the spacing effect. B) hierarchical organization. C) automatic processing. D) the "peg-word" system. E) the method of loci. 2. Jenkins and Dallenbach found that memory was better in subjects who were ________ during the retention interval, presumably because ________ was reduced. A) awake; decay B) asleep; decay C) awake; interference D) asleep; interference 3. The misinformation effect provides evidence that memory: A) is constructed during encoding. B) is unchanging once established. C) may be reconstructed during recall according to how questions are framed. D) is highly resistant to misleading information. 4. When people are asked to recall a list of words they had earlier memorized, they often substitute synonyms for some of the words on the original list. This best illustrates the effects of: A) automatic processing. B) source amnesia. C) semantic encoding. D) memory decay. E) state-dependent memory. 5. Michael Ross and his colleagues observed that people exposed to very convincing arguments about the desirability of frequent toothbrushing tended to: A) quickly forget the arguments if they were in the habit of brushing frequently. B) quickly forget the arguments if they were not in the habit of brushing frequently. C) exaggerate how frequently they had brushed their teeth in the past. D) exaggerate how infrequently they had brushed their teeth in the past. 6. In an effort to remember the name of the classmate who sat behind her in fifth grade, Martina mentally recited the names of other classmates who sat near her. Martina's effort to refresh her memory by activating related associations is an example of: A) priming. B) deja vu. C) encoding. D) relearning. 7. When children are officially interviewed about their recollections of possible sexual abuse, their reports are especially credible if: Chap 9 - 2 A) they are asked specific, detailed questions about the issue rather than more general, open-ended questions. B) after responding to an interviewer, they are repeatedly asked the same question they just answered. C) they use anatomically correct dolls to indicate if and where they had been physically touched. D) involved adults have not discussed the issue with them prior to the interview. 8. Research by Kandel and Schwartz on sea snails indicates that memory formation is associated with the: A) structure of DNA molecules. B) release of certain neurotransmitters. C) activity level of the hippocampus. D) development of the cerebellum. 9. When Carlos was promoted, he moved into a new office with a new phone extension. Every time he is asked for his phone number, Carlos first thinks of his old extension, illustrating the effects of: A) proactive interference. B) retroactive interference. C) encoding failure. D) storage failure. 10. Mood-congruent memory refers to the effect of emotional states on the process of: A) repression. B) encoding. C) storage. D) retrieval. E) relearning. 11. The process of getting information out of memory storage is called: A) encoding. B) retrieval. C) rehearsal. D) storage. 12. The ability to learn something without any conscious memory of having learned it suggests the need to distinguish between: A) proactive and retroactive interference. B) short-term and long-term memory. C) recognition and recall. D) explicit and implicit memory. 13. The misinformation effect best illustrates the dynamics of: A) automatic processing. B) memory construction. C) repression. D) proactive interference. E) mood-congruent memory. 14. A mnemonic device is a: A) mental picture. Chap 9 - 5 B) retroactive interference. C) the misinformation effect. D) proactive interference. E) mood-congruent memory. 28. Speed reading complex material yields little long-term retention because it inhibits: A) the serial position effect. B) retroactive interference. C) the next-in-line effect. D) proactive interference. E) rehearsal. 29. Cerebellum is to ________ memory as hippocampus is to ________ memory. A) short-term; long-term B) long-term; short-term C) implicit; explicit D) explicit; implicit E) iconic; echoic 30. In a study on context cues, people learned words while on land or when they were underwater. In a later test of recall, those with the best retention had: A) learned the words on land, that is, in the more familiar context. B) learned the words underwater, that is, in the more exotic context. C) learned the words and been tested on them in different contexts. D) learned the words and been tested on them in the same context. 31. Complete this analogy: Fill-in-the-blank test questions are to multiple-choice questions as: A) encoding is to storage. B) storage is to encoding. C) recognition is to recall. D) recall is to recognition. E) encoding is to recall. 32. The integration of new incoming information with knowledge retrieved from long-term storage involves what is known as: A) automatic processing. B) implicit memory. C) semantic encoding. D) long-term potentiation. E) working memory. 33. The process of getting information out of memory storage is called: A) priming. B) encoding. C) relearning. D) retrieval. E) rehearsal. 34. The more depressed Betty feels, the more easily she remembers many of the sad events in her life. Chap 9 - 6 This best illustrates: A) the self-reference effect. B) mood-congruent memory. C) retroactive interference. D) the spacing effect. E) source amnesia. 35. The three steps in memory information processing are: A) input, processing, output. B) input, storage, output. C) input, storage, retrieval. D) encoding, storage, retrieval. E) encoding, retrieval, storage. 36. Your consciously activated but limited-capacity memory is called ________ memory. A) short-term B) implicit C) mood-congruent D) explicit E) automatic 37. Many of the experimental subjects who were asked how fast two cars in a filmed traffic accident were going when they smashed into each other subsequently recalled seeing broken glass at the scene of the accident. This experiment best illustrated: A) proactive interference. B) the self-reference effect. C) the spacing effect. D) the misinformation effect. E) state-dependent memory. 38. Tristram and Dee had a joyful wedding ceremony. After their painful divorce, however, they began to remember the wedding as a somewhat hectic, unpleasant, and frightening event. Their recollections best illustrate the nature of: A) proactive interference. B) memory construction. C) the spacing effect. D) the serial position effect. E) repression. 39. Retroactive interference involves the disruption of: A) encoding. B) storage. C) retrieval. D) all the above. 40. A person who has trouble forgetting information, such as the Russian memory whiz S, often seems to have a limited capacity for: A) implicit memory. B) explicit memory. C) abstract thinking. Chap 9 - 7 D) visual imagery. 41. The method of loci is to imagery as acronyms are to: A) priming. B) rehearsal. C) chunking. D) the "peg-word" system. 42. Acronyms are to chunking as the method of loci is to: A) imagery. B) rehearsal. C) acoustic encoding. D) automatic processing. E) the "peg-word" system. 43. Although you can't recall the answer to a question on your psychology midterm, you have a clear mental image of the textbook page on which it appears. Evidently, your ________ encoding of the answer was ________. A) semantic; automatic B) visual; automatic C) semantic; effortful D) visual; effortful 44. "The magical number seven, plus or minus two" refers to the storage capacity of ________ memory. A) short-term B) explicit C) flashbulb D) implicit E) sensory 45. Memories are primed by: A) repression. B) retrieval cues. C) retroactive interference. D) the serial position effect. E) source amnesia. 46. Memory for skills is called: A) explicit memory. B) declarative memory. C) episodic memory. D) implicit memory. 47. Describe three mnemonic devices that would enable you to remember the following list of grocery items: milk, eggs, margarine, oranges, rhubarb, ice cream, eggplant, and sausage. Explain why each would be effective. 48. Which of the following best describes the typical forgetting curve? Chap 9 - 10 technique? A) peg-word system B) acronyms C) the method of loci D) chunking 63. Students who restudy course material in order to pass a comprehensive examination are especially likely to demonstrate long-term retention of the course material. This best illustrates: A) implicit memory. B) the serial position effect. C) the method of loci. D) the spacing effect. E) chunking. 64. Our inability to remember information presented in the seconds just before we fall asleep is most likely due to: A) motivated forgetting. B) the misinformation effect. C) retroactive interference. D) encoding failure. E) long-term potentiation. 65. Which memory test would most effectively reveal that Mr. Quintano, at age 55, still remembers many of his high school classmates? A) recall B) recognition C) rehearsal D) reconstruction 66. Although Faustina can learn and remember how to solve a complicated jigsaw puzzle, she is unable to learn and remember the names of people to whom she has been introduced. Faustina is most likely to have suffered damage to her: A) hypothalamus. B) brainstem. C) hippocampus. D) cerebellum. 67. Echoic memory refers to: A) the encoded meanings of words and events in long-term memory. B) a vivid memory of an emotionally significant event. C) the automatic retention of incidental information about the timing and frequency of events. D) a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli. 68. A retention of skills and dispositions without conscious recollection is known as ________ memory. A) state-dependent B) flashbulb C) short-term D) sensory E) implicit Chap 9 - 11 69. The spacing effect means that: A) distributed study yields better retention than cramming. B) retention is improved when encoding and retrieval are separated by no more than 1 hour. C) learning causes a reduction in the size of the synaptic gap between certain neurons. D) delaying retrieval until memory has consolidated improves recall. 70. Which of the following illustrates the constructive nature of memory? A) Janice keeps calling her new boyfriend by her old boyfriend's name. B) After studying all afternoon and then getting drunk in the evening, Don can't remember the material he studied. C) After getting some good news, elated Kareem has a flood of good memories from his younger years. D) Although elderly Mrs. Harvey, who has Alzheimer's disease, has many gaps in her memory, she invents sensible accounts of her activities so that her family will not worry. 71. The effortful processing of information: A) typically interferes with the capacity to think creatively. B) cannot easily be suppressed and inhibited. C) can become automatic through practice. D) occurs less frequently among adults than children. 72. Adults with symptoms of distress commonly experienced by incest survivors have often been advised and encouraged to recover memories of sexual abuse that they might have experienced in childhood. A major shortcoming of this advice is that: A) most extremely stressful life experiences are never encoded into long-term memory. B) it is very difficult to retrieve stored memories that have not been recalled for a long period of time. C) by the time one experiences the symptoms of distress that result from abuse, there is very little one can do to find relief. D) people experience these symptoms of distress for a variety of reasons others than sexual abuse. 73. Research on memory construction indicates that memories of past experiences are likely to be: A) difficult to retrieve but never completely lost. B) distorted by our current assumptions. C) much more vivid if they are seldom rehearsed. D) retrieved in the very same form and detail as they were originally encoded. 74. Ebbinghaus's use of nonsense syllables to study memory led to the discovery that: A) the amount remembered depends on the time spent learning. B) what is learned in one mood is most easily retrieved in that same mood. C) information that is automatically processed is rarely forgotten. D) our sensory memory capacity is essentially unlimited. 75. A friend claims that the faster you read, the more you remember. Use your knowledge of effortful processing and effective encoding strategies to refute your friend's claim. 76. Craik and Tulving had subjects process words visually, acoustically, or semantically. In a subsequent recall test, which type of processing resulted in the greatest retention? A) visual B) acoustic Chap 9 - 12 C) semantic D) Acoustic and semantic processing were equally beneficial. 77. A type of motivated forgetting in which painful memories are blocked from conscious awareness is: A) retroactive interference. B) proactive interference. C) the spacing effect. D) repression. E) priming. 78. Brenda has trouble remembering her new five-digit ZIP plus four-digit address code. What is the most likely explanation for the difficulty Brenda is having? A) Nine digits are at or above the upper limit of most people's short-term memory capacity. B) Nine digits are at or above the upper limit of most people's iconic memory capacity. C) The extra four digits cannot be organized into easily remembered chunks. D) Brenda evidently has an impaired implicit memory. 79. After learning that kicking would move a crib mobile, infants showed that they recalled this learning best if they were tested in the same crib. This best illustrates the effect of ________ on recall. A) the serial position effect B) retrieval cues C) state-dependent memory D) the spacing effect E) the method of loci 80. Loftus and Palmer asked two groups of observers how fast two cars had been going in a filmed traffic accident. Observers who heard the vividly descriptive word "smashed" in relation to the accident later recalled: A) broken glass at the scene of the accident. B) that the drivers of the vehicles were intoxicated. C) that the drivers of the vehicles were males. D) the details of the accident with vivid accuracy. 81. Priming is to retrieval as rehearsal is to: A) encoding. B) chunking. C) imagery. D) repression. E) automatic processing. 82. Hearing the word "rabbit" may lead people to spell the spoken word "hair" as "h-a-r-e." This best illustrates a process known as: A) chunking. B) retroactive interference. C) the method of loci. D) repression. E) priming. 83. The eerie feeling of having been somewhere before is an example of: Chap 9 - 15 A) mnemonic devices B) chunks C) hierarchies D) recognizable units 98. The tendency to immediately recall the first and last items in a list better than the middle items is known as the ________ effect. A) serial position B) misinformation C) next-in-line D) priming E) spacing 99. Which of the following is the best example of a flashbulb memory? A) suddenly remembering to buy bread while standing in the checkout line at the grocery store B) recalling the name of someone from high school while looking at his or her yearbook snapshot C) remembering to make an important phone call D) remembering what you were doing the day high school students were killed in Littleton, Colorado 100. After her last drinking spree, Karen hid a half-empty liquor bottle. She couldn't remember where she hid it until she started drinking again. Karen's pattern of recall best illustrates: A) the spacing effect. B) proactive interference. C) the serial position effect. D) motivated forgetting. E) state-dependent memory. Answer Key - 01.01.24:AP Psychology 12:Chap 9.ef 1. B 2. D 3. C 4. C 5. C 6. A 7. D 8. B 9. A 10. D 11. B 12. D 13. B 14. D 15. B 16. E 17. D 18. D 19. E 20. C 21. E 22. A 23. B Chap 9 - 16 24. B 25. A 26. C 27. E 28. E 29. C 30. D 31. D 32. E 33. D 34. B 35. D 36. A 37. D 38. B 39. C 40. C 41. C 42. A 43. B 44. A 45. B 46. D 47. 48. C 49. B 50. C 51. E 52. B 53. D 54. C 55. E 56. C 57. D 58. A 59. A 60. A 61. C 62. C 63. D 64. D 65. B 66. C 67. D 68. E 69. A 70. D 71. C 72. D 73. B 74. A 75. 76. C 77. D 78. A 79. B Chap 9 - 17 80. A 81. A 82. E 83. D 84. D 85. C 86. C 87. E 88. D 89. D 90. B 91. A 92. D 93. B 94. C 95. C 96. A 97. C 98. A 99. D 100. E