BSC 1005 General Biology Exam 2 Study Guide-answered, Exams of Biology

Download BSC 1005 General Biology Exam 2 Study Guide-answered and more Exams Biology in PDF only on Docsity! BSC1005 Biology General Study Guide Exam 2 Summer 2019 Study Guide Final Exam Chapter 7: Cellular Respiration and Fermentation 1. The term anaerobic means A) without bacteria. B) without ATP. C) without CO2. D) with O2. E) without O2. 2. How do cells capture the energy released by cellular respiration? A) They produce ATP. B) They produce glucose. C) They store it in molecules of carbon dioxide. D) The energy is coupled to oxygen. E) They store it as thermal energy. 3. Respiration ________, and cellular respiration ________. A) produces ATP . . . is gas exchange B) is gas exchange . . . produces ATP C) produces glucose . . . produces oxygen D) uses glucose . . . produces glucose E) produces glucose . . . is gas exchange 4. Which of the following are products of cellular respiration? A) oxygen and carbon dioxide B) energy to make ATP and carbon dioxide C) oxygen and glucose D) oxygen and energy to make ATP E) glucose and carbon dioxide 5. Oxidation is the ________, and reduction is the ________. A) gain of electrons . . . loss of electrons B) loss of electrons . . . gain of electrons C) loss of oxygen . . . gain of oxygen D) gain of oxygen . . . loss of oxygen E) gain of protons . . . loss of protons 6. Which of the following options lists the stages in cellular respiration in the correct order? A) glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation B) glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, and the citric acid cycle C) the citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and glycolysis D) oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis, and the citric acid cycle E) oxidative phosphorylation, the citric acid cycle, and glycolysis 7. In glycolysis, for each molecule of glucose oxidized to pyruvate _____. A) two molecules of ATP are used and two molecules of ATP are produced. B) two molecules of ATP are used and four molecules of ATP are produced. C) four molecules of ATP are used and two molecules of ATP are produced. D) two molecules of ATP are used and six molecules of ATP are produced. BSC1005 Biology General Study Guide Exam 2 Summer 2019 8. Following glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, but before the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation, the carbon skeleton of glucose has been broken down to CO2 with some net gain of ATP. Most of the energy from the original glucose molecule at that point in the process, however, is in the form of _____. A) acetyl-CoA B) glucose C) pyruvate D) NADH 9. Which electron carrier(s) function in the citric acid cycle? A) NAD+ only B) NADH and FADH2 C) the electron transport chain D) ADP and ATP 10. The electron transport chain _____. A) is a series of redox reactions B) is a series of substitution reactions C) is driven by ATP consumption D) takes place in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells 11. The chemiosmotic hypothesis is an important concept in our understanding of cellular metabolism in general because it explains _____. A) how ATP is synthesized by a proton motive force B) how electron transport can fuel substrate-level phosphorylation C) the sequence of the electron transport chain molecules D) the reduction of oxygen to water in the final steps of oxidative metabolism 12. Where are the proteins of the electron transport chain located? A) mitochondrial outer membrane B) mitochondrial inner membrane C) mitochondrial intermembrane space D) mitochondrial matrix 13. Energy released by the electron transport chain is used to pump H+ into which location in eukaryotic cells? A) mitochondrial outer membrane B) mitochondrial inner membrane C) mitochondrial intermembrane space D) mitochondrial matrix 14. When hydrogen ions are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix across the inner membrane and into the intermembrane space, the result is the _____. A) formation of ATP B) reduction of NAD+ C) creation of a proton-motive force D) lowering of pH in the mitochondrial matrix BSC1005 Biology General Study Guide Exam 2 Summer 2019 30. In a plant, the reactions that produce molecular oxygen (O2) take place in _____. A) the light reactions alone B) the Calvin cycle alone C) the light reactions and the Calvin cycle D) neither the light reactions nor the Calvin cycle 31. The light reactions occur in the ________, while the Calvin cycle occurs in the ________. A) stroma . . . thylakoid membranes B) stroma . . . nucleus C) cytoplasm . . . stroma D) cytoplasm . . . thylakoid membrane E) thylakoid membranes . . . stroma 32. Where does the Calvin cycle take place? A) stroma of the chloroplast B) thylakoid membrane C) interior of the thylakoid (thylakoid space) D) outer membrane of the chloroplast 33. What is the primary function of the Calvin cycle? A) use NADPH to release carbon dioxide B) split water and release oxygen C) transport RuBP out of the chloroplast D) synthesize simple sugars from carbon dioxide 34. Which of the following are produced during the light reactions of photosynthesis? A) glucose, ADP, NADP+ B) glucose, ADP, NADP+, CO2 C) ADP, NADP+, O2 D) ATP, NADPH, O2 E) ATP, NADPH, CO2 35. Which of the following are produced during the Calvin cycle? A) glucose, ADP, NADP+ B) glucose, ADP, NADP+, CO2 C) ADP, NADP+, O2 D) ATP, NADPH, O2 E) ATP, NADPH, CO2 36. Why are most plants green? A) Chlorophyll a reflects green light. B) Chlorophyll a absorbs green light. C) Chlorophyll b primarily uses green light as the source of energy for photosynthesis. D) Green helps plants blend into their environment as a sort of camouflage. E) All photosynthetic pigments are colored green. BSC1005 Biology General Study Guide Exam 2 Summer 2019 37. The energy that excites P680 and P700 is supplied by A) electrons passing down the electron transport chain. B) the breaking of glucose bonds. C) ATP. D) photons. E) NADPH. 38. Mitochondria transfer ________ energy from ________ to ATP; chloroplasts transform ________ energy into the chemical energy of ATP. A) chemical . . . food . . . light B) food . . . light . . . chemical C) light . . . food . . . kinetic D) nuclear . . . light . . . food E) food . . . light . . . nuclear 39. Plant cells A) lack mitochondria and chloroplasts. B) lack mitochondria but have chloroplasts. C) have mitochondria but do not have chloroplasts. D) have mitochondria and chloroplasts. E) have chloroplasts and vestigial mitochondria. 40. What is the main adaptive advantage of the C4 and CAM photosynthesis strategies over the C3 strategy? A) They help the plant conserve water and synthesize glucose efficiently under hot, dry conditions. B) They allow the plant to fix carbon more efficiently under conditions of low atmospheric CO2. C) They allow the plant to fix carbon more efficiently in dim or cool conditions. D) They make it possible for the plant to use the Calvin cycle at night. E) They allow the plant to avoid photorespiration by producing a four-carbon sugar in place of glucose. 41. CAM plants keep stomata closed in the daytime, thus reducing loss of water. They can do this because they _____. A) fix CO2 into organic acids during the night B) fix CO2 into sugars in the bundle-sheath cells C) fix CO2 into pyruvate in the mesophyll cells D) use photosystem I and photosystem II at night Chapter 9 Cellular Division, Mitosis and Meiosis 42. Asexual reproduction requires ________ individual(s). A) 0 B) 1 C) 2 D) 3 E) 4 43. Eukaryotic chromosomes differ from prokaryotic chromosomes in that they A) are simpler. B) are circular in structure. C) include fewer proteins. D) are copied immediately after cell division. E) are housed in a membrane-enclosed nucleus. BSC1005 Biology General Study Guide Exam 2 Summer 2019 44. Prior to mitosis, each chromosome of a eukaryotic cell consists of a pair of identical structures called A) chromatin. B) sister chromosomes. C) DNA transcripts. D) nucleoli. E) sister chromatids. 45. The genetic material is duplicated during A) the mitotic phase. B) G1. C) the S phase. D) G2. E) mitosis. 46. Which of the following occurs during interphase? A) a reduction in the size of the nuclear membrane B) duplication of the chromosomes C) cytokinesis D) cell growth and duplication of the chromosomes E) separation of newly formed DNA to opposite ends of the cell 1. The out of control of any cell during cell division result in a process known as A) Metastasis B) Apoptosis C) Cancer D) Cell differentiation E) Dysplasia 2. What means the term Apoptosis? A) Angiogenesis B) Programmed Cell death C) Carcinogenesis D) Cell differentiation E) Natural Cell Killer 3. What process occurs when cancer cells detach from tumors and spread to other parts of the body? A) Metastasis B) Angiogenesis C) Carcinogenesis D) Mutagenesis 47. The phase of mitosis during which the nuclear envelope fragments and the nucleoli disappear is called A) interphase. B) prophase. C) metaphase. D) anaphase. E) telophase. BSC1005 Biology General Study Guide Exam 2 Summer 2019 63. One type of virus that infects bacteria is called a A) phage. B) mage. C) rhinovirus. D) filovirus. E) coronavirus. 64. When a T2 bacteriophage infects an Escherichia coli cell, which part of the phage enters the bacterial cytoplasm? A) the whole phage B) only the RNA C) only the DNA D) the protein "headpiece" and its enclosed nucleic acid E) the tail fibers 65. The shape of a DNA molecule is most like A) a set of railroad tracks. B) a diamond ring. C) a twisted rope ladder. D) a gold necklace. E) the letter X. 66. DNA replication A) occurs through the addition of nucleotides to the end of the DNA molecule. B) results in the formation of four new DNA strands. C) produces two daughter DNA molecules that are complementary to each other. D) uses each strand of a DNA molecule as a template for the creation of a new strand. E) begins when two DNA molecules join together to exchange segments. 67. If one strand of DNA is CGGTAC, the corresponding strand would be A) GCCTAG. B) CGGTAC. C) GCCAUC. D) TAACGT. E) GCCATG. 68. When one DNA molecule is copied to make two DNA molecules, the new DNA contains A) none of the parent DNA. B) 25% of the parent DNA. C) 50% of the parent DNA. D) 75% of the parent DNA. E) 100% of the parent DNA 69. Which of the following enzymes catalyzes the elongation of a new DNA strand? A) helicase B) primase C) ligase D) single-stranded binding protein E) DNA polymerase BSC1005 Biology General Study Guide Exam 2 Summer 2019 70. Why does a DNA strand grow only in the 5' to 3' direction? A) because DNA polymerases can only add nucleotides to the 3' end of the growing molecule B) because DNA polymerases can only add nucleotides to the 5' end of the growing molecule C) because mRNA can only read a DNA molecule in the 5' to 3' direction D) because the DNA molecule only unwinds in the 5' to 3' direction E) because DNA polymerase requires the addition of a starter nucleotide at the 5' end 71. The transfer of genetic information from DNA to RNA is called A) translation. B) transcription. C) initiation. D) elongation. E) promotion. 72. Experiments have demonstrated that the "words" of the genetic code (the units that specify amino acids) are A) single nucleotides. B) two-nucleotide sequences. C) three-nucleotide sequences. D) nucleotide sequences of various lengths. E) enzymes. 73. Which of the following enzymes catalyzes the linking together of RNA nucleotides to form RNA? A) RNA polymerase B) RNA ligase C) a ribozyme D) reverse transcriptase E) tRNA 74. Which of the following occurs when RNA polymerase attaches to the promoter DNA? A) elongation of the growing RNA molecule B) termination of the RNA molecule C) addition of nucleotides to the DNA template D) initiation of a new RNA molecule E) initiation of a new polypeptide chain 75. ________ marks the end of a gene and causes transcription to stop. A) RNA polymerase B) RNA ligase C) A terminator D) Reverse transcriptase E) Methionine 76. Where do transcription and translation occur in prokaryotic cells? A) on the plasma membrane B) in the nucleus C) in the cytoplasm D) in chromatophores E) in the cell wall BSC1005 Biology General Study Guide Exam 2 Summer 2019 77. Which of the following takes place during translation? A) the conversion of genetic information from the language of nucleic acids to the language of amino acids B) the conversion of genetic information from DNA nucleotides into RNA nucleotides C) the addition of nucleotides to a DNA template D) the conversion of genetic information from the language of proteins to the language of enzymes E) DNA replication 78. Which of the following options most accurately lists the sequence of events in translation? A) codon recognition → translocation → peptide bond formation → termination B) peptide bond formation → codon recognition → translocation → termination C) codon recognition → peptide bond formation → translocation → termination D) codon recognition → peptide bond formation → termination → translocation E) peptide bond formation → translocation → codon recognition → termination 79. Any change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA is called A) a mutation. B) an advantage. C) a codon. D) a translation. E) an anticodon. 80. What kind of virus is HIV? A) a herpesvirus B) a paramyxovirus C) a retrovirus D) a complex virus E) a provirus 81. Which of the following enzymes does HIV use to synthesize DNA on an RNA template? A) ligase B) RNA polymerase C) terminator enzyme D) reverse transcriptase E) DNA convertase 82. In the 1920s, Frederick Griffith conducted an experiment in which he mixed the dead cells of a bacterial strain that can cause pneumonia with live cells of a bacterial strain that cannot. When he cultured the live cells, some of the daughter colonies proved able to cause pneumonia. Which of the following processes of bacterial DNA transfer does this experiment demonstrate? A) transduction B) conjugation C) transformation D) transposition E) crossing over BSC1005 Biology General Study Guide Exam 2 Summer 2019 96. Cloning to produce embryonic stem cells is called A) regenerative cloning. B) transplantational cloning. C) reproductive cloning. D) therapeutic cloning. E) dedifferentiation. 97. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells use ________ to turn certain genes on or off. A) DNA ligase B) RNA transcriptase C) intron segments D) regulatory proteins E) nucleosome packing 98. Enhancers are A) adjacent to the gene that they regulate. B) required to turn on gene expression when transcription factors are in short supply. C) the site on DNA to which activators bind. D) required to facilitate the binding of DNA polymerases. E) the products of transcription factors. 99. Silencers are sites in DNA that A) bind RNA promoters to promote the start of transcription. B) bind enhancers to promote the start of transcription. C) bind repressor proteins to inhibit the start of transcription. D) bind activators to inhibit the start of transcription. E) release mRNA. 100. RNA splicing involves the A) addition of a nucleotide "cap" to the molecule. B) addition of a nucleotide "tail" to the molecule. C) removal of introns from the molecule. D) removal of exons from the molecule. E) addition of introns to the molecule. 101. The coding regions of a gene (the portions that are expressed as polypeptide sequences) are called A) introns. B) exons. C) redundant coding sections. D) proto-oncogenes. E) nucleosomes. 102. Which of the following permits a single gene to code for more than one polypeptide? A) retention of different introns in the final version of the different mRNA strands B) alternative RNA splicing C) protein degradation D) genetic differentiation E) addition of different types of caps and tails to the final version of the mRNA strands Enzyme available with empty active site Active site 1 Enzyme (sucrase) Substrate binds to enzyme with induced fit 2 Substrate (sucrose) Substrate is converted to products 3 Products are released 4 Fructose Glucose Enzymes Electrons via NADH Electrons via NADH and FADH2 ATP ATP ATP CYTOSOL MITOCHONDRION Substrate-level Substrate-level Oxidative GLYCOLYSIS PYRUVATE OXIDATION CITRIC ACID CYCLE OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION (Electron transport and chemiosmosis) Acetyl CoAGlucose Pyruvate Cellular Respiration NADP+ NADPH ATP CO2 + H2O ADP P Electron transport chains Thylakoid membranes Light Chloroplast O2 CALVIN CYCLE (in stroma) Sugars Photosystem II Photosystem I LIGHT REACTIONS RuBP 3-PGA CALVIN CYCLE Stroma G3P Cellular respiration Cellulose Starch Other organic compounds Photosynthesis Summary Cell Cycle