Ecology: Terms and Concepts in Community Ecology and Species Interactions, Quizzes of Biology

Download Ecology: Terms and Concepts in Community Ecology and Species Interactions and more Quizzes Biology in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 Community DEFINITION 1 ALL of the organisms that inhabit the same geographic area.- The squirrels, trees, humans, insects, etc TERM 2 Species Diversity or Composition DEFINITION 2 Described in terms of:1. Species richness, and2. Relative species abundance TERM 3 Species Richness DEFINITION 3 Totalnumberof different species in the community. TERM 4 Relative Abundance DEFINITION 4 The proportion of each species in the community. TERM 5 Types of Species Interactions DEFINITION 5 1. Mutualism (+/+)2. Commensalism (+/0+3. Predation (+/- )4. Competition (-/-) TERM 6 1. Mutualism (+/+) DEFINITION 6 - Both parties benefit.EX. Plants and their pollinators. - Benefits: Plants get pollinated Pollinators get food in the form of nectarThese benefits increase as plant-pollinator interactions become more and more specific. TERM 7 Orchids and Bees DEFINITION 7 Co-evolved plant/pollinator mutualism.- An orchid mimics a female bee and also produces a scent mimicking a female bee's sex pheromone to attract male bee pollinators.- More mating means increased fitness! TERM 8 Cleaner Fish and their "Clients" DEFINITION 8 The cleaner fish (often brightly colored) pick parasites off a "client" organism.This enhances the fitness of both:- Free meal for cleaner- Reduced parasite load for clientWIN/WIN - mutualism TERM 9 "Stinging" Sea Anemones and Hermit Crabs DEFINITION 9 - Carrying a sea anemone enhances crab's fitness (deters predators).- Normally stationary anemone now has a higher fitness (is exposed to a wider feeding area).WIN/WIN - mutualism TERM 10 2. Commensalism (+/0) DEFINITION 10 One species benefits; other species is unaffected.EX. Cattle egrets and cowsBenefit: Cows disturb insects as they graze, and insects are food for egrets. TERM 21 "Kin" Selection DEFINITION 21 You enhance your own fitness (even if you die saving others) if you are saving relatives who are sharing many of your genes! TERM 22 Other Evolved Defenses to Predation DEFINITION 22 1. Cryptic (camouflage) coloration2. Aposematic "warning" coloration3. Deceptive coloration4. Batesian mimicry5. Mullerian mimicry TERM 23 1. Cryptic (camouflage) coloration DEFINITION 23 - Katydid mimicking a leaf- A praying mantis mimicking a flower- Treehoppers mimicking thorns- Desert Horned Lizard blends in TERM 24 2. Aposematic "warning" coloration DEFINITION 24 i.e. In poisonous frogs (it does no good to be toxic unless you advertise it)i.e. poisonous coral snake TERM 25 3. Deceptive coloration DEFINITION 25 i.e. False eye spots in some moths are "owl-like" and may frighten small bird predatorsi.e. A hawkmoth larva's posterior end resembles a snake head and may frighten small bird predators TERM 26 4. Batesian mimicry DEFINITION 26 Is adaptive:- When a harmless mimic species evolves to look like a "toxic/harmful" model species.The mimic species has increased survival and reproduction (= higher fitness)EX. Palatable Viceroy mimics the unpalatable Monarch butterfly.EX. Aposematic coloration (venemous coral snake) and Batesian mimicry (harmless king snake) TERM 27 5. Mullerian mimicry DEFINITION 27 Several unpalatable/harmful species share a common aposematic warning patternEX. Black and yellow stripes in the cuckoo bee and yellow jacket wasp (both species are harmful) TERM 28 Batesian vs. Mullerian Mimicry DEFINITION 28 Mullerian: Everyone is bad!Batesian: One is bad, one has warning signals to look bad!Batesian: Harmless fly mimics dangerous beeMullerian: Wasp and bees have common warning patterns TERM 29 Predation Can Have a Strong Influence on Population Growth DEFINITION 29 i.e. Close-knit predator/prey population cycles TERM 30 C.B. Huffaker's Predation DEFINITION 30 - Experiments with predator mites and prey mites on oranges TERM 31 If a simple environment: DEFINITION 31 Prey #'s increase on oranges, than predator #'s increase, then both crash.Graph drops to zero = extinction. TERM 32 If a complex environment: DEFINITION 32 Get stable oscillations (when provide prey with some refuge)Refuge: allows prey to avoid extinctionGraph never drops to zero, don't become extinct. TERM 33 4. Competition (-/-) DEFINITION 33 - For resources.- When individuals attempt to utilize the same resources (-/-) because its a struggle for all.i.e. ants/mice compete for grain, seedsi.e. lions/vultures competei.e. plant species compete TERM 34 Intraspecific Competition DEFINITION 34 Between members of the same species. TERM 35 Interspecific Competition DEFINITION 35 Between different species.