Educational Terminology and Reading Disorders: A Comprehensive Guide, Exams of Community Health

Download Educational Terminology and Reading Disorders: A Comprehensive Guide and more Exams Community Health in PDF only on Docsity! C.A.L.T Exam Study Guide Correct Definitional Answers Latest Update 2024...Rated A+ Alexia - answer The loss of the ability to read, as the result of a brain injury. Apasia - answer Impairs the ability to speak and understand others. Articulation - answer The act or manner of producing sounds. Echolalia - answer Imitation of the mother's sounds, rhythm and tone. Hyperlexia - answer The superior ability to reads words without comprehension. Lexicon - answer An inventory of word knowledge, either spoken or written. EX: dictionary, encyclopedia Otitis Media - answer Inflammation of the middle ear that can lead to temporary conductive hearing loss or permanent hearing loss. Receptive Language Disorder - answer The inability to understand or comprehend language heard or read. Expressive Language Disorder - answer The inability to put thoughts into words or sentences in ways that make sense and is grammatically correct. Phonology - answer Smallest unit of sound. The sounds of letters. Ex: Cat=3 phonemes (c) (a) (t). Syntax - answer The grammar system of language. The way words are strung together. Ex: words and punctuation to form sentences, clauses or phrases. Semantics - answer Word meaning in language. Ex: final destination = last stop Discourse - answer Written or spoken communication or debate. Ex: Formal writing, a speech. Morphology - answer The smallest unit of language that convey meaning. Ex: Root words Pragmatics - answer Incapable of understanding the speakers intent (requests and tones) Ex: Can't you turn down the T.V.? = means no; not yes. Alphabetic Language - answer A language in which letters are used systematically to represent speech sounds. Alphabetic Principle - answer The use of letters and letter clusters to represent phonemes in an orthography. (spelling) Anglo Saxon - answer The language of the Germanic peoples (Angles, Saxons and Jutes) who settles in Britain in the 5th and 6th centuries. It was the dominant language in Britain until the Norman Conquest in 1066. Euphony - answer Pleasing to the ear. Having a pleasing sound. Ex: illogical; not inlogical. (Chameleon Prefix) Explicit Instruction - answer Instruction delivered without vagueness or ambiguity, leaving no questions as to the meaning. (Direct Instruction) Fernald Method - answer Technique for learning words that involves the visual, auditory, kinesthetic, and tactile (VAKT) modalities. EX: The student looks at the word while saying and tracing it. Figurative Language - answer Language that avoids the use of the exact meaning of words and uses exaggeration, metaphors and embellishments. Greek - answer The language of the ancient Greeks whose morphemes form scientific terms. Guided Discovery - answer Manner of presenting new material or concepts so that they can be deduced or guided by the students. EX: self discovery, What do you notice? in pass, sass, tass Homographs - answer Words that have different meanings but share the same spelling. Pronunciations may be same or different. (duck, duck) (bow, bow) Homonyms - answer Words that have different meanings but share the same pronunciation. Spellings may be same or different. Ex: (lead, lead) (beet,beat) (sale, sail) Homophones - answer Words that have different meanings and spellings but share the same pronunciation. EX: (for, four) (to, two, too) Idioms - answer an expression having a meaning that cannot be derived from the meanings of the elements. EX: Take the bull by the horns does not mean what the words say. Implicit Instruction - answer Instruction that implies understanding without being expressed. Also known as inferential instruction. Latin - answer The language of the ancient Romans from which 60% of English words are derived. Linguistic - answer Denoting language processing and language structure. Linguistics - answer Study of the production, properties, structure, meaning and or use of language. Logographic Writing System - answer A system in which pictures represent the words of language (Chinese). If English were treated as a logographic writing system, it would contain over 600,000 pictures. EX: Pictures rather than sound. Metaphor - answer A figure of speech in which a word or phrase that means on thing is used, through implication, to mean something else. Ex: The ship plows the sea. Multiple Meanings - answer Different meanings for the same word. EX: homographs Polygot - answer A language that is derived from several languages. English is a polygot language, derived from Anglo Saxon, Latin and Greek languages. Prefix - answer A letter or group of letters added to the beginning of a base word to change its meaning. Rapid Automatized Naming - answer The rapid naming of a series of printed objects, colors, number or letters repeated over and over in random order. (RAN) Simile - answer An explicit comparison of two unlike things, usually with the word like or as. Ex: (as busy as a bee) Suffix - answer A letter or group of letters added to the end of a base word to change its meaning. Synonyms - answer Words with similar meanings. (semantics) Syntax - answer The system by which words may be ordered in phrases and sentences; sentence structure;grammar. Synthetic Instruction - answer Instruction or a process that begins with the parts and builds to the whole. (part to whole) (bottom-up) (text driven) Digraph - answer Two letter that come together to make one sound Combination - answer A pattern of letters that occur frequently together, the pronunciation of at least one of the letters is unexpected. Trigraph - answer Three adjacent letters that make one sound Diphthong - answer Two vowels standing adjacent in the same syllable whose sounds blend together in one syllable. Quadrigraph - answer Four letters that make one sound Dieresis - answer Two dots placed over the letter (a) to indicate its pronunciation, when the (a) stands before an (r) in the accented combination (star), after (w) (watch) and (qu) (squash), and to indicate the continental pronuciation (father) Derivative - answer A word made from another by adding a suffix or prefix Visual Memory - answer Ability to retain the visual image of a two-dimensional symbol Co-morbidity - answer The coexistence of related disorders Congential - answer Existing at or dating from birth Content Processor - answer One of four interactive processors that serve as a model for how the reading system works. Processes the construction of the content with input from the phonological, orthographic and meaning processors. Double Deficit - answer Deficit in phonological awareness and rapid automatized naming. Dyslexia - answer A specific learning disability that is neurobiological in origin and is characterized by difficulties with accurate and/or fluent word recognition, poor spelling and decoding abilities. Deficit in the phonological component of language. Learning Disabilities - answer A generic term that refers to a heterogeneous group of disorders manifested by significant difficulties in the acquisition and use of listening, speaking, reading, writing, reasoning and mathematical abilities or social skills. Due to central nervous system dysfunction. Meaning Processor - answer Processes knowledge of word meanings. Neuroimaging - answer Diagnostic method of viewing brain structures and activity through the use of nuclear technology, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Neuropsychology - answer A science that integrates psychological observations of behavior and mind with the observations of the brain Orthographic Processor - answer Processes the perception of letter sequences Phonological Processing - answer Perception, interpretation, recall and production of language at the level of the speech sound system. Phonological Processor - answer Processes the mapping of letters to their spoken equivalents. Word Blindness - answer Term used in the late 19th and early 20th century for dyslexia. Hinchelwood coined the term. ADHD - answer Short attention span, hyperactive motor behavior, impulsive or poor impulse control, inattentive, does not finish things, fails to heed instructions, low frustration tolerance, difficulty completing tasks, restless, talks excessively, immature social behavior, fidget, etc. Dyscalculia - answer Failure to learn quantity concepts, number symbols and manipulation of number symbols. Dysgraphia - answer Difficulty in learning handwriting despite conventional instruction, adequate intelligence, etc. and difficulty in putting thoughts on paper. Dysnomia - answer Difficulty in word finding. Ex: Can't find the word quick enough, whats that thing, that thing over there, that Dysphasia - answer Loss of ability to use or understand language due to a brain injury or disease. Running Record - answer Part of an informal reading assessment that identifies a student's error patterns and fluency Screening/Indicator - answer An assessment that is giving to identify students at risk for reading difficulties. EX: QPS Standard Deviation - answer The average variability of scores around the group mean. (bell curve) Standardized Tests - answer Tests that carefully selected samples of people representative of a larger group of people for whom the test was created. EX: STAAR (same words, same room, same time, same season,etc) Summative Assessment - answer An assessment that measures knowledge that has been gained. (Progress over the whole year or semester) Validity - answer A statistical accuracy of an assessment instrument when compared to another assessment instrument. Criterion Referenced Tests - answer Teacher made or assess a particular curriculum. Stanines - answer Provide a single-digit scoring system with a mean of 5 and a standard deviation of 2. The scores are expressed as whole numbers from 1 to 9. Accent - answer Stress or emphasis on one syllable in a word or on one or more words in a phrase or sentence. Accuracy - answer Freedom from mistake or error Bound Morpheme - answer A morpheme that must be attached to other morphemes. Ex: ed in landed, s in pits, pre in preview Breve - answer A diacritical mark above a vowel in a sound picture that indicates a short sound in a closed syllable, in which at least one consonant comes after the vowel in the same syllable. Chameleon Prefix - answer A prefix whose final consonant changes based on the initial letter of the root. (in changes to ir before regular; irregular) Closed Syllable - answer A syllable that ends in at least one consonant after one vowel. The vowel is short (pet, list, cusp) Combining Forms - answer A root with which other roots and/or affixes may be combined to for compound words or derivatives (Usually Greek in origin (auto, bio, hemi)) Consonant le syllable - answer A syllable in a final position of a word that ends in a consonant and le. Also known as final stable syllables. Fluency - answer Translation of print to speech with accuracy, speed, prosody and comprehension. Free Morpheme - answer A morpheme that can stand alone as a whole word. Also called unbound morphemes. (pit, hand, shine) Heterogeneous Practice - answer A spelling or reading practice session with more than one focus. Homogeneous Practice - answer A spelling or reading practice in which every word contains the same pattern or rule that is the single focus of practice. Macron - answer A diacritical mark above a vowel in a sound picture that indicates a long sound. Monosyllable - answer A word of one syllable containing one vowel sound Onset - answer The initial written or spoken single consonant or consonant cluster in a word. C= onset for cat. AT= rime Open Syllable - answer A syllable ending with a vowel. (He, she, so) Phoneme Deletion - answer A phonemic awareness task in which the student is presented with a word and is asked to say all of the sounds except one. (say cat without (c) Phonemic Awareness - answer Awareness of the smallest unit of speech. (individual letters in a word).