Glossary of Criminal Terms and Definitions, Quizzes of Criminology

Download Glossary of Criminal Terms and Definitions and more Quizzes Criminology in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 acquaintance rape DEFINITION 1 forcible sex in which offender and victim are acquainted with each other. TERM 2 acquaintance robbery DEFINITION 2 robbers who focus their thefts on people they know. TERM 3 al-Qaeda DEFINITION 3 an international fundamentalist Islamist organization comprising independent and collaborative cells, whose goal is reducing Western influence upon islamic affairs. TERM 4 aggravated rape DEFINITION 4 rape involving multiple offenders, weapons, and victim injuries. TERM 5 crusted over DEFINITION 5 children who have been victims of or witnesses to violence and do not let people inside, nor do they express their feelings. TERM 6 child abuse DEFINITION 6 any physical, emotional or sexual trauma to a child for which no reasonable explanation, such as an accident can be found. TERM 7 cult terrorists DEFINITION 7 cults that can be classified as terror groups because their leaders demand that followers prove their loyalty through violence or intimidation. TERM 8 consent DEFINITION 8 in prosecuting rape cases, it is essential to prove that the attack was forced and that the victim did not give voluntary consent to her attacker. TERM 9 date rape DEFINITION 9 forcible sex during a courting relationship. TERM 10 deliberation DEFINITION 10 planning a homicide after careful thought, however brief, rather than acting on sudden impulse. TERM 21 gang rape DEFINITION 21 forcible sex involving multiple attackers. TERM 22 guerilla DEFINITION 22 means "little war" - came from spanish rebellion against french troops after Napoleon's 1808 invasion of the Iberian Peninsula- now associated with the term terrorist. TERM 23 instrumental violence DEFINITION 23 violence used in an attempt to improve the financial or social position of the criminal. TERM 24 involuntary manslaughter DEFINITION 24 a homicide that occurs as a result of acts that are negligent and without regard for the harm they may cause others, such as driving under the influence of drugs or alcohol. TERM 25 infanticide DEFINITION 25 the murder of a very young child. TERM 26 insurgent DEFINITION 26 the typical goal of an insurgency is to confront the existing government for control of all or a portion of its territory, or force political concessions in sharing political power. TERM 27 marital rape DEFINITION 27 forcible sex between people who are legally married to each other. TERM 28 marital exemption DEFINITION 28 the practice in some states of prohibiting the prosecution of husbands for the rape of their wives. TERM 29 murder DEFINITION 29 the unlawful killing of a human being (homicide) with malicious intent. TERM 30 manslaughter DEFINITION 30 a homicide without malice. TERM 31 mass murder DEFINITION 31 the killing of a large number of people in a single incident by an offender who typically does not seek concealment or escape. TERM 32 mission hate crimes DEFINITION 32 violent crimes committed by distributed individuals who see it as their duty to rid the world of evil. TERM 33 narcissistic personality disorder DEFINITION 33 a condition marked by a persistent pattern of self- importance, need for admiration, lack of empathy, and preoccupation with fantasizes of unlimited success, power, brilliance, beauty, or ideal love. TERM 34 non negligent manslaughter DEFINITION 34 a homicide committed in the heat of passion or during a sudden quarrel, although intent may be present, malice is not, also called voluntary manslaughter. TERM 35 negligent manslaughter DEFINITION 35 a homicide that occurs as a result of acts that are negligent and without regard for the harm they may cause others, such as driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs also called involuntary manslaughter. TERM 46 serial rape DEFINITION 46 multiple rapes committed by one person over time. TERM 47 statutory rape DEFINITION 47 sexual relations between an underage individual and an adult, though not coerced, an underage partner is considered incapable of giving informed consent. TERM 48 shield laws DEFINITION 48 laws designed to protect rape victims by prohibiting the defense attorney from inquiring about their previous sexual relationships. TERM 49 second-degree murder DEFINITION 49 a homicide with malice but not premeditation or deliberation, as when a desire to inflict serious bodily harm and a wanton disregard for life in the victim's death. TERM 50 serial killer DEFINITION 50 the killing of a large number of people over time by an offender who seeks to escape detection. TERM 51 sexual abuse DEFINITION 51 exploitation of a child through rape, incest, or molestation by a parent or other adult. TERM 52 sufferance DEFINITION 52 the aggrieved party does nothing to rectify a conflict situation, overtime the unresolved conflict may be compounded by other events that cause an eventual eruption. TERM 53 stalking DEFINITION 53 a pattern of behavior directed at a specific person that includes repeated physical or visual proximity, unwanted communications, and or threats sufficient to cause fear in a reasonable person. TERM 54 state political crime DEFINITION 54 political crime that arises from the efforts of the state to either maintain governmental power or to uphold the race, class, and gender advantages of those who support the government.1. political corruption2. illegal domestic surveillance3. human rights violations4. state violence5. state corporate crime TERM 55 state-sponsered terrorism DEFINITION 55 terrorism that occurs when a repressive government regime forces its citizens into obedience, oppresses minorities, and stifles political dissent. TERM 56 terror cells DEFINITION 56 division of terrorist group affiliates, each of which may be functionally independent so that each member ha little knowledge of other cells, their members, locations and so on. TERM 57 terrorism DEFINITION 57 the illegal use of force against innocent people to achieve a political objective. TERM 58 treason DEFINITION 58 an act of disloyalty to one's nation or state. TERM 59 ticking bomb scenario DEFINITION 59 a scenario that some experts argue in which torture can perhaps be justified if the government discovers that a captured terrorist knows the whereabouts of a dangerous explosive device that is set to go off and kill thousands of innocent people. TERM 60 torture DEFINITION 60 an act that causes severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, that is intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as obtaining a confession, punching them for a crime they may have committed, or intimidating or coercing them into a desired action. TERM 71 arson for profit DEFINITION 71 people looking to collect insurance money, but who are afraid or unable to set the fire themselves, hire professional arsonists. TERM 72 binge drinking DEFINITION 72 having 5 or more drinks on the same occasion (at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least one day in the past 30 days. TERM 73 brothels DEFINITION 73 a house of prostitution, typically run by a madam who sets prices and handles "business" arrangements. TERM 74 carjacking DEFINITION 74 theft of a car by force or threat of force. TERM 75 call girls DEFINITION 75 prostitues who make dates via the phone and then service customers in hotel rooms or apartments. TERM 76 chiseling DEFINITION 76 crimes that involve using illegal means to cheat an organization, its customers, or both on a regular basis. TERM 77 closure DEFINITION 77 a term used by Lemert to describe people from middle-class background who have little identification with a criminal subculture but cash bad checks because of a financial crisis that demands an immediate resolution. TERM 78 constructive possession DEFINITION 78 in the crime of larceny, willingly giving up temporary physical possession of property but retaining legal ownership. TERM 79 confidence game DEFINITION 79 a swindle, usually involving a get-rich-quick scheme, often with illegal overtones, so that the victim will be afraid or embarrassed to call the police. TERM 80 corporate crime DEFINITION 80 white-collar crime involving a legal violation by a corporate entity, such as price fixing, restraint of trade, or hazardous waste dumping. TERM 81 criminal environmental pollution DEFINITION 81 a crime involving the intentional or negligent discharge of a toxic waste into the biosystem that destroys plant or animal life. TERM 82 economic crime DEFINITION 82 an act in violation of the criminal law that is designed to bring financial gain to the offender. TERM 83 ehooking DEFINITION 83 using the internet to advertise sexual services and make contact with clients. TERM 84 embezzlement DEFINITION 84 a type of larceny that involves taking the possessions of another (fraudulent conversion) that have been placed in the thief's lawful possession for safekeeping, such as a bank teller misappropriating deposits or a stockbroker making off with a customer's account. TERM 85 enterprise crimes DEFINITION 85 the use of illegal tactics to gain profit in the marketplace. TERM 96 heavy drinking DEFINITION 96 five or more drinks on the same occasion each of five or more days in the past 30 days. TERM 97 insider training DEFINITION 97 illegal buying of stock in a company based on info provided by someone who has a fiduciary interest in the company, such as an employee or an attorney or accountant retained by the firm. TERM 98 influence peddling DEFINITION 98 using an institutional position to grant favors and sell information to which their co-conspirators are not entitled. TERM 99 madam DEFINITION 99 a woman who employs prostitutes, supervises their behavior, and receives a fee for her services. TERM 100 mark DEFINITION 100 the target of a con man or woman. TERM 101 moral crusaders DEFINITION 101 people who strive to stamp out behavior they find objectionable. TERM 102 moral entrepreneurs DEFINITION 102 interest groups that attempt to control social life and the legal order in such a way as to promote their own personal set of values. TERM 103 naive check forgers DEFINITION 103 amateurs who cash and checks because of some financial crisis but have little identification with a criminal subculture. TERM 104 obscenity DEFINITION 104 according to current legal theory, sexually explicit material that lacks a serious purpose and appeals solely to the prurient interest of the viewer. TERM 105 occasional criminals DEFINITION 105 offenders who do not define themselves by a criminal role or view themselves as committed career criminals. TERM 106 organizational crime DEFINITION 106 crime that involves large corporations and their efforts to control the marketplace and earn huge profits through unlawful bidding, unfair advertising, monopolistic practices, or other illegal means. TERM 107 payola DEFINITION 107 bribery of an influential person in exchange for the promotion of a product or service, such as giving radio disc jockeys payments to play songs. TERM 108 paraphilias DEFINITION 108 bizarre or abnormal sexual practices that may involve recurrent sexual urges focused on objects, humiliation, or children. TERM 109 petit (petty) larceny DEFINITION 109 theft of a small amount of money or property, punished as a misdemeanor. TERM 110 poachers DEFINITION 110 early english thieves who typically lived in the country and supplemented their diet and income with game that belonged to a landlord. TERM 121 smugglers DEFINITION 121 thieves who move freely in sparsely populated areas and transport goods, such as spirits, gems, gold and spices, without bothering to pay taxes or duty. TERM 122 shoplifting DEFINITION 122 the taking of goods fro retail stores. TERM 123 situational inducement DEFINITION 123 short-term influence on a person's behavior, such as financial problems or peer pressure, that increases risk taking. TERM 124 snitches DEFINITION 124 amateur shoplifters who do not self identify as thieves but who systematically steal merchandise for personal use. TERM 125 social harm DEFINITION 125 a view that behaviors harmful to other people and society in general must be controlled. TERM 126 systematic forgers DEFINITION 126 professionals who make a living by passing bad checks. TERM 127 sherman antitrust act DEFINITION 127 laws that subject to criminal or civil sanctions any person "who shall make any contract or engage in any combination or conspiracy" in restraint of interstate commerce. TERM 128 target removal strategies DEFINITION 128 displaying dummy or disabled goods as a means of preventing shoplifting. TERM 129 target hardening strategies DEFINITION 129 making one's home or business crime proof through the use of locks, bars, alarms and other devices. TERM 130 temperance movement DEFINITION 130 an effort to prohibit the sale of liquor in the U.S that resulted in the passage of the 18th amendment in the constitution in 1919, which prohibited the sale of alcoholic beverages. TERM 131 white-collar crime DEFINITION 131 illegal acts that capitalize on a person's status in the market place. TERM 132 white-collar swindle DEFINITION 132 a crime in which people use a business proposition to trick others out of their money. TERM 133 white-collar client fraud DEFINITION 133 theft by a client from an organization that advances credit or reimburses for services rendered. TERM 134 vigilantes DEFINITION 134 individuals who go on moral crusades without any authorization from legal authorities.