Phonetics, Phonological Processing, and Dyslexia: An In-depth Study, Exams of Nursing

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CALT Exam Questions and Answers (2022/2023) (Verified Answers Update.///) Suprasegmental - ✅✅Aspect of Language (intonation, stress, loudness, pitch level, juncture - (the set of features in speech that enable a hearer to detect a word or phrase boundary), and speaking rate) Segmental - ✅✅Aspect of Language (phonemes - vowels & consonants) Phonoligical Awareness - ✅✅The knowledge of and sensitivity to the sound structure of language (umbrella term) It includes: rhyming, segmentation activities, and manipulation activities Segmentation Activities - segmenting sentences into words, segmenting compound words into syllables, segmenting words into syllables, identifying initial and final sounds, and segmenting syllables into phonemes Manipulation Activities - omitting syllables, omitting sounds in words, and changing sounds into words Dysarthria - ✅✅A disorder in the nervous system which hinders control over the tongue, throat, lips, or lungs Neurological oral-motor dysfunction including weakness of the musculature necessary for coordinating movements of speech production (slurred speech, difficulty with articulation) Dyspraxia - ✅✅Sensorimotor disruption in which the motor signals to the muscles, such as those necessary for speech production, are not consistently or efficiently received Difficulty getting the body to do what you want it to Difficulty planning and coordinating body movement Difficulty coordinating facial muscles to produce sounds (a person is born with dyspraxia) Phonemic Awareness - ✅✅Awareness of the smallest units of speech (phonemes) and the ability to isolate or manipulate the individual phonemes in words Strephosymbolia (1925) - ✅✅(Twisted Symbols) Dr. Orton coined the term to describe a condition he observed in his patients "Word Blindness" Samuel T. Orton - ✅✅(Father of Dyslexia) Identified the syndrome of "specific language disabilities" Separated disabled readers from students with mental retardation, brain damage, and primary emotional disorders Proposed a system for diagnosis Outlined principles of remediation for disabled readers Dysgraphia - ✅✅Unsure of handedness, poor or slow handwriting, messy and unorganized papers, difficulty copying, poor fine motor skills, difficulty remembering the kinesthetic movement to form letters correctly Stop Sounds - ✅✅These are sounds in words that when they are said, you have to stop your tongue to release the air A consonant that is produced with a complete obstruction of air It is with these letters: p, b, t, d, k, g Fricative - ✅✅A consonant produced by a partial obstruction of the airflow, which creates friction and a slight hissing noise Voiced Ex: /f/, /v/, /th/ Unvoiced Ex: /s/, /z/, /sh/, /zh/ Affricate - ✅✅Consonant speech sound articulated as a stop consonant followed by a fricative Ex: /ch/, /j/ Phonological Processing - ✅✅An umbrella term for a large category of oral language processing abilities that are related to the sounds in words and are associated with the ability to read well Identify the Stages of Expressive Written Language Development (Phrases of Writing) - ✅✅Stage 1 - Imitation (preschool - 1st grade) Stage 2 - Graphic Presentation (1st grade - 2nd grade) Stage 3 - Progressive Incorporation (late 2nd grade - 4th grade) Stage 4 - Automization (4th grade - 7th grade) Stage 5 - Elaboration (7th grade - 9th grade) Stage 6 - Personalization - Diversification (9th grade - and beyond) Domains of Language (6) - ✅✅PPOSS/u/M Pragmatics Phonology Orthography Semantics Syntax Morphology Text comprehension Begins at oral level Morphology - ✅✅Form Study of meaning carry units of words, ways words are formed and related to one another Identify suffixes, prefixes, base words, roots, and combining forms) Understanding meaning and usage of word parts in oral and written language Begins at the oral level Rapid Letter Naming is key to.... - ✅✅Reading with speed and accuracy Decoding and Encoding refer to.... - ✅✅Applying the skills of analytic and synthetic learning 504 refers to a section of.... - ✅✅The Rehabilitation Act of 1973 504 is federal law that is NOT federally funded An appropriate education for a student with a disability under the Section 504 regulations could consist of.... - ✅✅Education in regular classroom Education in regular classroom with supplementary services Special education and related services Texas Education Code 38.003 - ✅✅State law Requires testing Requires students enrolled in public school to be tested for dyslexia Requires treatment (teaching) State Board of Education (SBOE) administers Texas Education Code 28.06 - ✅✅State law Requires administration of reading instruments to diagnose reading problems Each district does/has to notify parent and provide instruction The National Reading Panel (NRP) - "The Big 5" - ✅✅5 essential components of reading: 1. Explicit instruction in PHONEMIC AWARENESS 2. Systematic PHONICS instruction 3. Techniques to improve FLUENCY (accuracy, speed, understanding, and prosody) 4. VOCABULARY development 5. Reading COMPREHENSION Which domains are involved in spelling? - ✅✅Orthography + Phonology Semantics + Syntax Rehabilitation Act of 1973 - 504 - ✅✅Federal Law Nondiscrimination on the basis of handicap in programs receiving federal $$. auditory- what you hear tactile- what you touch and handle The word 'brown" - ✅✅-Irregular for spelling because "ow" is typically in the final position -Regular for reading The word "look" - ✅✅Regular for reading and spelling What origin is "gym" like gymnasium? - ✅✅Greek Greek word clues - ✅✅-words with ph -ch pronounced /k/ -long words with the letter k (kilometer, kinescope) -long/short unfamiliar words with th (athlete, theme) -words with medial y (gymnastics) -words related to olympics and theatre -words with /rh/ (rhyme) -words with "ology" (biology) -words with silent p (pneumonia, psychology) Teachers suspects a problem & tracks student performance with running records... what type of assessment? - ✅✅Formative assessment (daily or weekly...informal) Which domain do synonyms, antonyms, and homonyms belong-to? - ✅✅Morphology or semantics (depending on what is listed) Which helps a child develop language? - ✅✅----> READ BOOKS ALOUD <--- -write name -sing ABC's -communicate with children FLOSS Rule - ✅✅-one syllable base word -a short vowel -ends in f, l, or s Ex: Staff, Doll, Miss Rabbit Rule - ✅✅-two-syllable base word -short vowel -one medial consonant sound Ex: Muffin, tennis, mitten Doubling Rule - ✅✅If Base word ends in: -One vowel -One consonant -One accent -Vowel suffix double the final consonant Ex: run + er = runner, hop + ed = hopped Dropping Rule - ✅✅If a base word ends in: -a final silent e -vowel suffix drop the silent e Ex: drive + ing = driving, hope + ed = hoped Changing Rule - ✅✅If the base word end in: What are the three periods of English? - ✅✅Old English - Anglo Saxon Middle English - Latin Modern English - Greek Old English / Anglo-Saxon Words Part 1 - ✅✅Often more basic words e.g. "eat" -number words (one, two, hundred) -color words (red, blue, green) -farm, forest, ocean animals (pig, shrimp, deer) -outer body parts (head, leg, arm) -short everyday words (run, and, play, the) -words with gh (laugh, cough, right, high) -words with ck (pick, duck, sock) -short words with k (kick, kiss, hook) -words with kn or gn at beginning (knee, gnat) -words with tw (twin, between) Old English / Anglo-Saxon Words Part 2 - ✅✅-words with wr (write, wrist) -short words with ch prnounced /ch/ (cheap, bench) -one-syllable words with tch (witch, hatch) -one-syllable words with dge (edge, ridge) -short words with th (this, these, bath) -words with wh (why, while, when) -words with double consonant in middle (better) -words with ow (plow, snow) -short words with silent letters (thumb, limb, listen) -short words with unexpected long vowels (wild) -most pronouns (he, she, us) -most two-syllable words with cle (twinkle, handle) -words with ng (song, bring) Latin Word Clues - ✅✅-long words 3 or more syllables (marvelous) -words with ct or pt (act, erupt) -words with ti or ci pronounced /sh/ (partial, special) -words with sion or ssion (explosion, passion) -words with double consonant near initial (illegal) -words with t pronounced /ch/ (nature) -words with d pronounced /j/ (educate) -words with the silent initial h (hour, herb) -words with ular (regular) -words with j (joint, jail) -words that are legal terms (justice, legal) -words with soft c before c or I (cent, city) -words with sc pronounced /s/ (science, scissors) What are Normal Readers? - ✅✅Adequate decoding + adequate listening comprehension What are Dyslexic Readers? - ✅✅Poor decoders + adequate listening comprehension What are Hyprolexic Readers? - ✅✅Adequate decoding + poor listening comprehension What are Garden Variety Readers? - ✅✅Poor decoding + poor listening comprehension Bloom and Lahey (1978) conceptualized three major interactive components of language... what are they? - ✅✅form, content, use What areas are under "form"? - ✅✅PHONOLOGY (how sounds come together to form a word) MORPHOLOGY (the study of words/meaning) SYNTAX (structure of sentences) Liquid sounds - ✅✅Sound produced when the lips and/or tongue are passing from the position for one sound to that of another Ex: /l/, /r/ How many graphemes and phonemes in "box"? - ✅✅Graphemes - 3 Phonemes - 4 /b/, /o/, /k/, /s/ All one syllable words are accented? true or false - ✅✅TRUE Synthetic phonics instruction - ✅✅Students learn how to change letters or letter combinations into speech sounds and then blend them together to form known words "sounding out" How parts of the language work together to form a whole Part to whole Reading is an example of Synthetic Instruction all words have same phonemes and graphemes EXCEPT.... - ✅✅words with "x" (there will usually be one more phoneme then grapheme because 'x' says /k/, /s/ Reading is ... Spelling is ... - ✅✅Reading is decoding Spelling is encoding Multisensory Structured Language (How It Is Taught) - ✅✅Simultaneous, Multisensory (VAKT - visual, auditory, kinesthetic, tactile) Uses all pathways of the brain Systematic and Cumulative Direct Instruction Diagnostic Teaching (prescriptive) Synthetic and Analytic Instruction Echolalia - ✅✅The immediate and involuntary repetition of words or phrases just spoken by others (sometimes autistic children have this) The Double Deficit - ✅✅Inefficient decoding skills and insufficient naming skills Adolf Kussmaul 1877 - ✅✅German neurologist Came up with the terms word blindness and word deafness considered these conditions to be acquired Rudolf Berlin 1887 - ✅✅German Ophthalmologist Used the term dyslexia to describe the loss of reading ability due to brain injury or disease Came up with the term dyslexia James Hinshelwood 1895 - ✅✅Scottish eye surgeon Word blindness Alphabetic method Multisensory teaching Considered condition to be hereditary W. Pringle Morgan 1896 - ✅✅English Ophthalmologist