CALT Exam Study Guide Questions 2022/2023 Latest Exam, Exams of Study of Commodities

Download CALT Exam Study Guide Questions 2022/2023 Latest Exam and more Exams Study of Commodities in PDF only on Docsity! CALT Exam Study Guide Questions 2022/2023 Latest Exam Strephosymbolia - answer means twisted symbols. The first term Orton used for dyslexia. phonetics - answer the study of speech sounds in spoken language phonological awareness - answer the ability to focus on units of sound in spoken language at the sentence, word, syllable and phoneme levels phonemic awareness - answer awareness of speech sounds or phonemes in spoken words phonics - answer instruction that connects sounds and letters synthetic phonics - answer explicitly teaches individual grapheme-phoneme correspondences before they are blended to form syllables or whole words alphabetic principle - answer the understanding that spoken sounds are represented in print by written letters consonant - answer blocked / voiced or unvoiced sounds - a class of speech sounds with air flow that is constricted or obstructed vowel - answer open and voiced sounds - a class of open speech sounds produced by the passage of air through an open vocal tract phonology - answer the rules that determine how sounds are used in spoken language fluency - answer reading with rapidity and automaticity prosody - answer the rhythmic flow of oral reading pragmatics - answer set of rules that dictate communicative behavior and use of language, rules we communicate by syntax - answer sentence structure, grammar, usage semantics - answer content of language, used to express knowledge of the world around us - meaning phoneme - answer smallest unit of sound in a syllable spelling - answer sound to symbol / phoneme to grapheme, connect grapheme to phoneme orthography - answer the spelling of written language orthographic memory - answer memory of letter patterns and word spellings metalinguistics - answer awareness of language as an entity guided discovery - answer a method of leading students to new learning through questioning Words with kn or gn in initial position: knee, knife, gnat, gnash - answer Anglo- Saxon Words with tw: twin, twilight, between - answer Anglo-Saxon Words with wr: write, wring, wrist - answer Anglo-Saxon Short words with ch pronounced /ch/ chest, cheap - answer Anglo-Saxon One-syllable words with tch: witch, hatch, match - answer Anglo-Saxon One-syllable words with dge: edge, ridge, hedge - answer Anglo-Saxon Short words with th: this, these, bath - answer Anglo-Saxon Words with wh: why, while, when - answer Anglo-Saxon Words with double consonants: better, ladder, carrot - answer Anglo-Saxon One-syllable words that end in ff, ll ss Floss Words - answer Anglo-Saxon Words with ow: plow, snow, brow, blow - answer Anglo-Saxon Short words with silent letters: walk, should, thumb, listen - answer Anglo-Saxon Wild Old Words: mind, most, kind - answer Anglo-Saxon Most pronouns: he, she, us - answer Anglo-Saxon Most F. S. S. words handle, thimble, twinkle - answer Anglo-Saxon Words with hard g before e and i: gift, giddy, girl, begin - answer Anglo-Saxon Words with ng - answer Anglo-Saxon Long words, three or more syllables: marvelous, fascinate - answer Latin Words with ct: act, direct, conduct - answer Latin Words with pt: apt, erupt, attempt - answer Latin Words with ti pronounced /sh/ partial, nation - answer Latin Words with ci pronounced /sh/ special, precious - answer Latin Words with sion: erosion, collision - answer Latin Words with ssion: passion, expression - answer Latin Words with double consonants near the beginning illegal, attract, occupy - answer Latin Words with t pronounced /ch/: nature, punctual - answer Latin Words with d pronounced /j/ educate, graduate - answer Latin Words with silent initial h: hour, herb, honor - answer Latin Words with ular: regular, popular - answer Latin Words with j: joint, journal - answer Latin Words that are legal terms: justice, legal, judge - answer Latin Words with the soft c before e and i: cent, census, city - answer Latin Words with sc pronounced /s/: science, irascible, scissors - answer Latin Medical , technical and scientific words - answer Greek Words with ph: phrase, graph, phone - answer Greek Words with ch pronounced /k/: choir, ache, orchid - answer Greek Long words with the letter k: kilometer, kinescope - answer Greek Long words or short, unfamiliar words with th: thermos, athlete - answer Greek Percentage of students in special ed who can't read - answer 85% (NICHD) Five critical components of reading instruction - answer phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency (identifying words accurately and fluently); vocabulary and comprehension strategies (constructing meaning once words are identified) I M F - answer initial, medial, final Middle - answer means very center Medial - answer means between initial and final V - answer vowel C - answer consonant Paired equivalent sounds - answer /ch//j/ /f//v/ /p//b/ /sh//zh/ /t//d/ /k//g/ /s//z/ /th//th/ How are our decks aligned and why?*** - answer Alignment of multiple responses - according to frequency and reliability of sounds Digraph - answer two letters that come together to make one sound Trigraph - answer three letters that come together to make one sound Quadrigraph - answer four letters that come together to make one sound Diphthong - answer two vowels sounds blended togther in the same syllable Combinations - answer two letters than come together to make an unexpected sound Code marks - answer breve, macron, dieresis, circumflex, tilde, cedilla, tittle, schwa: (u) in an unaccented syllable = marks in dictionary Digraph - answer two letters that come together to make one sound Trigraph - answer three letters that come together to make one sound Quadrigraph - answer four letters that come together to make one sound Diphthong - answer two adjacent vowels that blend smoothly together Combinations - answer pattern of letters which occurs frequently together closed - answer a syllable that ends in one or more consonants. The vowel is usually short open - answer a syllable that ends in a vowel Vowel consonant e - answer syllable witha long vowel sounds that end with a consonant followed by a silent e Vowel team - answer syllable with two adjacent vowels R controlled - answer syllable with a vowel r combination F.S.S. final stable syllable*** - answer a non phonetic syllable with occurs frequently in the final position of English words. V - answer vowel in an open unaccented syllable, i is short, a is obscure, e o and u are half long. When is Vr not a combination? - answer Vr r = Vr merry - when followed by two rr's, except for ur ( hurry), Vr v = Vr fire, very when followed by an e or vowel y Base word - answer plain old English word Root - answer a word without affixes or endings Affix - answer a letter or letters added to the beginning or ending of a baseword or root that creates a derivative with a meaning or grammatical form that is different than the baseword or root Suffix - answer a letter or group of letters added to the end of a base word to change the meaning or usage Prefix - answer letter or group of letters added to the beignning of a base word to change the meaning standardized tests - answer any tests that are administered and scored in a pre- specified, standard manner; each test-taker is asked the same questions and/or given the same tasks, provided the same information before and during the test, has the same amount of time to take the test. All tests are also scored in the same manner. These tests can be either norm-referenced or criterion-referenced, and either an achievement or an aptitude test. curriculum-based measurement - answer assessment that measures (knowledge that has been taught.) a student's performance in a local curriculum. The CBM is a quick probe into student achievement that provides current, week-by-week information on the progress a child is making. behavior rating scales - answer completed by parents and sometimes teachers and used to check for symptoms of ADHD; measure and compare a child's behavior to that of other children the same age. Examples: Connor's Rating Scale, Child Behavior Checklist, Behavior Evaluation Scale, Burk's Behavior Rating Scale screening - answer brief assessment that identifies students who may need additional or alternate forms of instruction (benchmark). progress monitoring - answer periodic assessment that measures progress in response to specific instruction and/or intervention. diagnostic measure - answer assessment that provides a detailed analysis of a student's strengths and weaknesses outcome measure - answer assessment that classifies a student in terms of achievement or improvement or grade-level performance based on targeted outcomes formal assessment - answer standardized assessment that must be administered and scored according to prescribed procedures. Used to compare overall achievement to that of others of the same age and grade, or to identify comparable strengths and weaknesses (state assessments). informal assessment - answer (assessments that are not standardized) a process for gathering information used to make educational decisions using means other than assessments; can include projects, presentations, experiments, demonstrations, performances, portfolios, observations, etc. (spelling tests, etc.). pseudowords - answer nonsense words that are phonetically regular formative data - answer data that provide information about knowledge to be applied to short-term goals. Collected during instruction through instructional activities, homework; used to adjust instructional practices in an effort to maximize student learning. summative data - answer data that provide information about knowledge to be applied to long-term, comprehensive goals. Data collected at the end of a chapter, unit, or course, after instruction has taken place; used to make curriculum decisions, direct future instruction, and improve instructional practices. DIBELS - answer Dynamic Indicators of Basic Literacy Skills TPRI - answer Texas Primary Reading Inventory: a screening tool for early literacy skills PALS - answer Phonological Awareness Literacy Screening: comprehensive assessment of a child's early literacy fundamentals that are predictive of future reading success WRAT - answer Wide Range Achievement Test: brief achievement test measuring reading recognition, spelling, arithmetic computation If a student is making A's and B's in the classroom but is a slow reader, the teacher should give what type of assessment - answer informal The Woodcock-Johnson Psycho-Education Battery - answer an academic achievement and norm-referenced test Grade equivalent scores - answer not a dependable representation of progress An individual Education Plan (IEP) for a student identified with a learning disability does not include - answer a prescription for a specific intervention (correct) A brief assessment that identifies students who may need additional testing or alternative instruction is known as - answer informal screening The Conner's Rating Scales - answer used to measure Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder acuity - answer keenness of thought or vision (zero in on it and see what's going on) active listening - answer giving one's full attention to the speaker and making eye contact with him or her structured instruction - answer instruction that follows ordered procedures IMSLEC - answer International Multisensory Structured Education Council MSL - answer Multisensory Structured Language MSLE - answer Multisensory Structured Language Education NICHD - answer National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Which prominent names are closely associated with research on phonological awareness (Montessori/Clay/Liberman*** - answer Isabelle Liberman Scientifically based research - answer is replicated and longitudinal Research by NICHD indicates that of the students with specific learning disabilities receiving special education services - answer 70 - 80% have deficit in reading According to the National Reading Panel Report (2000), what represents the strongest indication of a reading disability - answer a deficit in phonology D. Berlin (1887) - answer Coined the term "dys" -- meaning difficult, "lexia" -- meaning pertaining to words. James Hinshelwood (1917) - answer "word blindness" -- ophthalmologist from Scotland that discovered that the left hemisphere of the brain affected word storage Samuel Orton (1920-1950) - answer Neuropsychiatrist from Columbia University in New York who first recognized dyslexia students in America. He discovered that approximately 10% of students will not learn using the whole words method. Also coined the term "strephosymbolia" (twisted words), which replaced the former term word blindness. Dr. Madonald Critchley (1964) - answer Established term "developmental dyslexia" at the World Federation of Neurology meeting at the Scottish Rite Hospital. Marianne Frosig (1960) - answer Did visual tracking research. Findings show there is no relationship between dyslexia and vision acuity. Isabelle Liberman (1973-1984) - answer Did research on phonological awareness that linguistic information is stored in its phonological form (all word recognition requires letter-sound access). Also studied phonological processing deficits affecting the ability to make use of letter-sound associations as an effect of rapid retrieval problems. Discovered tapping exercises. Hugh Catts (1986) - answer Speech language pathologist working at the University of Kansas. Did remedial work for programs to improve phonological awareness. Keith Stanovich (1980) - answer Researched the process of phonics and the need to attach sound to symbol. Readers with poor word recognition are more reliant on context than good readers (comprehension work). Bonita Blachman - answer professor at Syracuse University. Has done much research in the field of phonology and reading.Created Elkonian cards (kids who couldn't read couldn't segment sounds as well). Free morpheme - answer can stand alone as words and do not have to be combined with other morphemes. Free morpheme: function words - answer prepositions, conjunctions, pronouns, auxiliary verbs, articles Free morpheme: content words - answer nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs Free morpheme: compounds - answer generally composed of Anglo-Saxon words, combinations of two free morphemes Bound morphemes - answer work as meaningful units only in combination with other morphemes (suffixes, bound roots [Latin], and prefixes). Inflections - answer bound morphemes that show possession, gender, or number (noun - s, a, es); tense, voice, or mood (verb - ed, en, could have been); and comparison (adjective - er, est). Derivational suffixes - answer morphemes, added to roots or bases to form new words that usually change the grammatical category of a word. Greek-derived morphemes - answer not necessarily assigned specific roles as prefixes, suffixes, or roots and may combine with other bound morphemes of equal importance in flexible order. Derivational complexity - answer characterizes the number and type of changes that have been made int he base word or root when it is combined with other morphemes. Types of phonological change are: syllable regrouping, vowel alternation, consonant alternation, and stress alternation. Attention - answer selctive focus on what is important while screening out distractions Auditory Learners - answer participate in classroom discussions, make speeches/presentations, use tape recordings for lectures, read text out loud, create musical jingles, create mnemonics to aid memorization, discuss ideas verbally Auditory Processing - answer Given normal hearing, the ability to understand spoken language in a meaningful way Battery - answer a group of several tests standardized on the same sample population so that results on the several tests are comparable Chall's Six Stages of Reading - answer Students proceed through predictable stages of learning to read Stage 0 - answer Pre-reading - Oral Language Development Stage 1 - answer Initial Reading - Letters represent sounds, sound-spelling relationships Stage 2 - answer Confirmation and Fluency - Decoding Skills, fluency, additional strategies Stage 3 - answer Reading for learning the new - expand vocabularies, build background adn world knowledge, develop strategic habits Stage 4 - answer Multiple viewpoints - analyze text critically, understand multiple points of view Stage 5 - answer Constrution and Reconstruction - construct understanding based on analysis and synthesis. Cognition - answer Ability to think, reason, and solve problems. Skills are usually measured by an individual test of intelligence. Requires being able to generalize from past experience and use that knowledge to respond to new situations. Cognitive Assessment - answer The process of systematically gathering test scores and related data in order to make a judgment about an individual's ability to perform various mental activities involved in the processing, acquisition, retention, conceptualization, and organization of sensory, perceptual, verbal, spatial and psychomotor information. Components of Reading Instruction - answer Phonemic Awareness, Phonics, Vocabulary Development, Reading Fluency including oral reading skills, and reading comprehension strategies Composite Score - answer A score that combines several scores according to a speficied formula. Comprehension - answer Making sense of what we read. It is dependent on good word recognition, fluency, vocabulary, wordly knowledge,and language ability Consonant - answer One of a class of speech sounds in which sounds moving through the vocal tract is constricted or pbstructed by the lips, tongue or teeth during articulation Criterion referenced test - answer results can be used to determine student's progress toward mastry of content area. CTOPP - answer Screening test includes phonological awareness, phonological memory, rapid naming. Norms given in percentiles, standard scores, age and grade equivalents Curriculum referenced test - answer comprehensive end-of-year exams, reflecting the specific subject matter outlined in the curriculum. Derivative - answer A word made from a base word by the addition of one or more affixes Derived score - answer a score to which raw scroes are converted by numerical transformation (percentile ranks or standard scores) Diagnostic teaching - answer individualized teaching based on continual assessment of student's needs. Content should be mastered to the level of automaticity Diagnostic test - answer test used to identify the nature and source of an individual's educational, psychological, or medical difficulties or disabilities in order to facilitate correction or remediation. Dr. Rudolf Berlin - answer 1887 - ophthalmologist - introduced the term dyslexia Dr. W. Pringle Morgan - answer 1896 - wrote first article in medical literature on "word blindness" in children