CALT Exam Study Guide Questions 2023/2024 Latest Exam Update.., Exams of Nursing

Download CALT Exam Study Guide Questions 2023/2024 Latest Exam Update.. and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! CALT Exam Study Guide Questions 2023/2024 Latest Exam Update.. Strephosymbolia - answer means twisted symbols. The first term Orton used for dyslexia. phonetics - answer the study of speech sounds in spoken language phonological awareness - answer the ability to focus on units of sound in spoken language at the sentence, word, syllable and phoneme levels phonemic awareness - answer awareness of speech sounds or phonemes in spoken words phonics - answer instruction that connects sounds and letters synthetic phonics - answer explicitly teaches individual grapheme-phoneme correspondences before they are blended to form syllables or whole words alphabetic principle - answer the understanding that spoken sounds are represented in print by written letters consonant - answer blocked / voiced or unvoiced sounds - a class of speech sounds with air flow that is constricted or obstructed vowel - answer open and voiced sounds - a class of open speech sounds produced by the passage of air through an open vocal tract phonology - answer the rules that determine how sounds are used in spoken language fluency - answer reading with rapidity and automaticity prosody - answer the rhythmic flow of oral reading pragmatics - answer set of rules that dictate communicative behavior and use of language, rules we communicate by syntax - answer sentence structure, grammar, usage semantics - answer content of language, used to express knowledge of the world around us - meaning phoneme - answer smallest unit of sound in a syllable spelling - answer sound to symbol / phoneme to grapheme, connect grapheme to phoneme orthography - answer the spelling of written language Outer body parts - answer Anglo-Saxon Short, common everyday words: the, run, and, play, work - answer Anglo-Saxon Words with gh: laugh, cough, right, high - answer Anglo-Saxon Words with ck: pick, duck, sack - answer Anglo-Saxon Words with k: king, kiss, kilt, hook - answer Anglo-Saxon Words with kn or gn in initial position: knee, knife, gnat, gnash - answer Anglo- Saxon Words with tw: twin, twilight, between - answer Anglo-Saxon Words with wr: write, wring, wrist - answer Anglo-Saxon Short words with ch pronounced /ch/ chest, cheap - answer Anglo-Saxon One-syllable words with tch: witch, hatch, match - answer Anglo-Saxon One-syllable words with dge: edge, ridge, hedge - answer Anglo-Saxon Short words with th: this, these, bath - answer Anglo-Saxon Words with wh: why, while, when - answer Anglo-Saxon Words with double consonants: better, ladder, carrot - answer Anglo-Saxon One-syllable words that end in ff, ll ss Floss Words - answer Anglo-Saxon Words with ow: plow, snow, brow, blow - answer Anglo-Saxon Short words with silent letters: walk, should, thumb, listen - answer Anglo-Saxon Wild Old Words: mind, most, kind - answer Anglo-Saxon Most pronouns: he, she, us - answer Anglo-Saxon Most F. S. S. words handle, thimble, twinkle - answer Anglo-Saxon Words with hard g before e and i: gift, giddy, girl, begin - answer Anglo-Saxon Words with ng - answer Anglo-Saxon Long words, three or more syllables: marvelous, fascinate - answer Latin Words with ct: act, direct, conduct - answer Latin Words with pt: apt, erupt, attempt - answer Latin Words with ti pronounced /sh/ partial, nation - answer Latin Words with ci pronounced /sh/ special, precious - answer Latin Words with sion: erosion, collision - answer Latin Words with ssion: passion, expression - answer Latin Words with double consonants near the beginning illegal, attract, occupy - answer Latin Words with t pronounced /ch/: nature, punctual - answer Latin Words with d pronounced /j/ educate, graduate - answer Latin Words with silent initial h: hour, herb, honor - answer Latin Words with ular: regular, popular - answer Latin Rudolph Flesch - answer Started the issue of the great debate to the publics attention on how best to teach a child to read. This came about in his book. "Why Johnny Can't Read" (Mid 1950s) NICHD - answer Began looking at the issue as the deemed the inability to read as a "national health issue" and began to fund research in the area of reading. (1965) "Learning to Read: The Great Debate" Jean Chall - answer This book caught the attention of professionals and the government that our nation is in a reading crisis. Children are not learning to read since the look and say method came about. (1967) Basal Reading Programs - answer These programs begin to drive reading instruction. 70% of American Schools bought one or more of the best selling programs. (1960s to mid 80s) Kenneth Goodman and Frank Smith - answer Developed the Top-Down approach to reading instruction. Believed that reading should be taught through immersion in children's literature . Teaches reading without breaking it down into parts. Whole Language based, emphasis is on guessing at words rather than sounding them out. (1980s) G. Reid Lyon - answer Became the coordinator of the research for NICHD. (1985) National Reading Panel Report - answer Produced scientifically based research that demonstrated that approximately 40% of the population "have reading problems severe enough to hinder their enjoyment of reading." (2000) Percentage of students in special ed who can't read - answer 85% (NICHD) Five critical components of reading instruction - answer phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency (identifying words accurately and fluently); vocabulary and comprehension strategies (constructing meaning once words are identified) I M F - answer initial, medial, final Middle - answer means very center Medial - answer means between initial and final V - answer vowel C - answer consonant Paired equivalent sounds - answer /ch//j/ /f//v/ /p//b/ /sh//zh/ /t//d/ /k//g/ /s//z/ /th//th/ How are our decks aligned and why?*** - answer Alignment of multiple responses - according to frequency and reliability of sounds Digraph - answer two letters that come together to make one sound Trigraph - answer three letters that come together to make one sound Quadrigraph - answer four letters that come together to make one sound Diphthong - answer two vowels sounds blended togther in the same syllable Combinations - answer two letters than come together to make an unexpected sound Code marks - answer breve, macron, dieresis, circumflex, tilde, cedilla, tittle, schwa: (u) in an unaccented syllable = marks in dictionary Digraph - answer two letters that come together to make one sound Trigraph - answer three letters that come together to make one sound Quadrigraph - answer four letters that come together to make one sound Diphthong - answer two adjacent vowels that blend smoothly together Combinations - answer pattern of letters which occurs frequently together closed - answer a syllable that ends in one or more consonants. The vowel is usually short ain (in) - answer French ending esque (esk) - answer French ending ile (il) - answer French ending ique (ik) - answer French ending ite (it) - answer French ending current research regarding the brain and developmental dyslexia concludes that - answer a "glitch" may have taken place during fetal development an individual with dyslexia might experience delays in social development as demonstrated by - answer lack of good judgment, inability to stick with a game, erratic emotional behavior a student who learns better from a lecture/class discussion rather that the printed page is - answer a poor visual learner Multisensory strategies (VAKT) - answer most students will learn and retain info better if instruction is given in this manner intelligence test - answer identifies intelligence and cognitive strengths and weaknesses. Includes measures of verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory and processing speed (WISC-IV); verbal reasoning, quantitative reasoning, abstract/visual reasoning and short-term memory (Stanford-Binet). Examples: Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV), Stanford-Binet achievement test - answer designed to measure students' specific knowledge and skills (basic academic skills - are they performing at level?). Woodcock Johnson, WRAT) norm-referenced test - answer assessment that (provides a detailed analysis of a student's strengths and weaknesses.) Compares a person's score against the scores of people who have already taken the test, the "norming group," a national sample of similar students (any test with research on). (WISC-IV, DIBELS) criterion-referenced test - answer assessment that (measures knowledge attained and knowledge yet to be acquired in a domain.) tells how well students are performing on specific goals or standards (do they meet the criteria?). standardized tests - answer any tests that are administered and scored in a pre- specified, standard manner; each test-taker is asked the same questions and/or given the same tasks, provided the same information before and during the test, has the same amount of time to take the test. All tests are also scored in the same manner. These tests can be either norm-referenced or criterion-referenced, and either an achievement or an aptitude test. curriculum-based measurement - answer assessment that measures (knowledge that has been taught.) a student's performance in a local curriculum. The CBM is a quick probe into student achievement that provides current, week-by-week information on the progress a child is making. behavior rating scales - answer completed by parents and sometimes teachers and used to check for symptoms of ADHD; measure and compare a child's behavior to that of other children the same age. Examples: Connor's Rating Scale, Child Behavior Checklist, Behavior Evaluation Scale, Burk's Behavior Rating Scale screening - answer brief assessment that identifies students who may need additional or alternate forms of instruction (benchmark). progress monitoring - answer periodic assessment that measures progress in response to specific instruction and/or intervention. diagnostic measure - answer assessment that provides a detailed analysis of a student's strengths and weaknesses outcome measure - answer assessment that classifies a student in terms of achievement or improvement or grade-level performance based on targeted outcomes formal assessment - answer standardized assessment that must be administered and scored according to prescribed procedures. Used to compare overall achievement to that of others of the same age and grade, or to identify comparable strengths and weaknesses (state assessments). informal assessment - answer (assessments that are not standardized) a process for gathering information used to make educational decisions using means other than assessments; can include projects, presentations, experiments, demonstrations, performances, portfolios, observations, etc. (spelling tests, etc.). diagnostic teaching - answer teaching that is informed by a continual assessment of student needs prescriptive teaching - answer individualized teaching based on needs systematic and cumulative instruction - answer teaching with a logical order of introduction of concepts that progress from easiest to more difficult explicit instruction - answer direct, purposeful instruction VAKT - answer Visual , Auditory, Kinesthetic/ Tactile (Grace Fernald) Top-Down Theory - answer led by Kenneth Goodman and Frank Smith **strong meaning-based position **Goodman calls reading a "psycholinguistic guessing game" **rather than read every word, good readers select out on the essential textual information **only focus on individual words/sounds when text does not make sense, and the reader needs to go back and reread **this is Whole Language characteristic Bottom-Up Theory - answer emphasis on the subprocesses of the reading act and its contention that many of these subprocesses, such as letter and word identification, must become automatic in order for readers to be fluent. (Alphabetic Phonics) Interactive Theory - answer readers simultaneously initiate word identification and predict meaning----these are reciprocal events analytical approach - answer whole to part (Top-Down) put the whole word on the board/discover what's the same, how it can be broken down into component parts synthetic approach - answer part (letters) to whole words (bottom up) Socratic technique - answer Using carefully planned questions, the student is led to discover the new concept linguistics-based beginning reading approach - answer Learning to recognize word families (bat, cat, hat, ) To teach syllable division, Mr. Smart first taught his students to recognize closed or (VC) syllables. He then showed the class words such as napkin, impact, and mascot and discussed accent. Later, he demonstrated how the words could be divided into two syllables. Finally he gave the students syllables and asked them to construct words. - answer synthetic and analytic instruction Controlled reading and spelling vocabulary are characteristics of - answer decodable text, linguistic programs, an MSL program Repeating prior information in a multisensory structured language program is essential to ensure what - answer automaticity ALTA - answer Academic Language Therapy Association IMSLEC - answer International Multisensory Structured Education Council MSL - answer Multisensory Structured Language MSLE - answer Multisensory Structured Language Education NICHD - answer National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Which prominent names are closely associated with research on phonological awareness (Montessori/Clay/Liberman*** - answer Isabelle Liberman Scientifically based research - answer is replicated and longitudinal Research by NICHD indicates that of the students with specific learning disabilities receiving special education services - answer 70 - 80% have deficit in reading According to the National Reading Panel Report (2000), what represents the strongest indication of a reading disability - answer a deficit in phonology D. Berlin (1887) - answer Coined the term "dys" -- meaning difficult, "lexia" -- meaning pertaining to words. Derivational suffixes - answer morphemes, added to roots or bases to form new words that usually change the grammatical category of a word. Greek-derived morphemes - answer not necessarily assigned specific roles as prefixes, suffixes, or roots and may combine with other bound morphemes of equal importance in flexible order. Derivational complexity - answer characterizes the number and type of changes that have been made int he base word or root when it is combined with other morphemes. Types of phonological change are: syllable regrouping, vowel alternation, consonant alternation, and stress alternation. Principals of ALTA Code of Ethics - answer standards of personal conduct, standards of professional conduct, conflict of interest, confidentiality Developmental auditory imperception - answer disorder related to dyslexia dysphasia - answer disorder related to dyslexia Specific developmental dyslexia - answer disorder related to dyslexia developmental dysgraphia - answer disorder related to dyslexia developmental spelling disability - answer disorder related to dyslexia Ability - answer test designed to measure either general intelligence or mental apptitude in a particular area. Academic Achievement Test - answer standardized test designed to efficiently measure the amount of knowledge and or skill a person has acquired, usually as a result of classroom instruction. Such testing produces a statistical profile used as a measurement to evaluate student learning in comparison with a standard or norm. Accent - answer stress on one syllable in a word or on one or more words in a phrase or sentence. It is spoken louder, longer, and/or in a higher tone. The mouth opens wider while saying it. Accommodation - answer provide different ways for kids to take in information or communicate their knowledge. Changes do not alter or lower the standards or expectations of a subject or test. Accuracy - answer The number of words a student can read correctly in a given period of time. ADHD - answer Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Adolf Kusmaul - answer 1877 - first used the term "word-blindness". Age equivalent - answer a type of test score that is calculated based on the age that an average person earns a given score within the tested population. Alvin and Isabel Liberman - answer Alphabetic principle and its relationship to phonemic awareness and phonological awareness in reading. Anglo Saxon - answer Also Old English - spoken and written between at least the mid 5th century and the mid 12th century Anglo Saxon Layer of Language - answer Vocabulary stressed the events of daily life. Common, every day, down to earth words. Most are one syllable words. Anna Gillingham - answer 1930 - Psychologist and teacher in New York; along with Samuel T Orton at Columbia University, developed a non-traditional approach to teaching written language skills. Trained one teacher at a time, began working with Sally Childs and trained 50 teachers. Attention - answer selctive focus on what is important while screening out distractions Auditory Learners - answer participate in classroom discussions, make speeches/presentations, use tape recordings for lectures, read text out loud, create musical jingles, create mnemonics to aid memorization, discuss ideas verbally Auditory Processing - answer Given normal hearing, the ability to understand spoken language in a meaningful way Battery - answer a group of several tests standardized on the same sample population so that results on the several tests are comparable Curriculum referenced test - answer comprehensive end-of-year exams, reflecting the specific subject matter outlined in the curriculum. Derivative - answer A word made from a base word by the addition of one or more affixes Derived score - answer a score to which raw scroes are converted by numerical transformation (percentile ranks or standard scores) Diagnostic teaching - answer individualized teaching based on continual assessment of student's needs. Content should be mastered to the level of automaticity Diagnostic test - answer test used to identify the nature and source of an individual's educational, psychological, or medical difficulties or disabilities in order to facilitate correction or remediation. Dr. Rudolf Berlin - answer 1887 - ophthalmologist - introduced the term dyslexia Dr. W. Pringle Morgan - answer 1896 - wrote first article in medical literature on "word blindness" in children Dyslexia - answer a specific learning disability that is neurological in origin, characterized by difficulties with accurate and/or fluent word recognition and by poor spelling and decoding abilities. These difficulties typically result from a deficit in the phonological component of language that is often unexpected in relation to other cognitive abilities and the provision or effective classroom instruction. Secondary consequences may include problems in reading comprehension and reduced reading experience that can impede the growth of vocabulary. Expressive language - answer the ability to organize thoughts and express them verbally to convey meaning to others Fluency - answer the ability to translate print to speech with rapidity and automaticity that allows the reader to focus on meaning Frank Smith - answer Whole language. Founder of Whole language concept Funding - answer a district's dyslexia program is considered past of the basic, required curriculum. State compensatory funds can only be used to provide programs, projects, activities, and materials that supplement the regular dyslexia program. GORT = Gray Oral Reading Test - answer provides an efficient and objective measure of growth in oral reading and an aid in the diagnosis of oral reading difficulties Great Vowel Shift - answer major change in pronunciation of the English language that took place between 1350 and 1500. Spelling was becoming standardized in the 15th and 16th centuries - this is responsible for many of the peculiarities of English spelling Greek layer of language - answer scientific terminology - roots often combine forms and compound to form new words James Hinshelwood - answer 1904 - reported 2 cases of "congenital word blindness", called for schools to establish procedures for screening as well as appropriate teaching of those that were identified with congenital word-blindness Joe Torgesen - answer nationally known for research on both the prevention and remediation of reading difficulties in young children as well as work on assessment of phonological awareness and reading Keith Stanovich - answer His research in the field of reading was fundamental to the emergence of today's scientific consensus about what reading is, how it works and what it does for the mind. The Matthew Effect Kenneth and Yetta Goodman - answer Whole language, Drop Everythng and read, evaluation through miscues, founds of whole language