Nursing Research: Methods, Purpose, and Evidence-Based Practice, Exams of Nursing

Download Nursing Research: Methods, Purpose, and Evidence-Based Practice and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! Canadian Essentials of Nursing Research Latest Exam with Verified Answers Research - Correct Answers a systemic inquiry that uses structural methods to answer questions and solve problems Nursing research - Correct Answers a systemic inquiry designed to develop trustworthy evidence about issues of importance to nurses and their clients Clinical nursing research - Correct Answers research designed to guide nursing practice What is EBP? - Correct Answers EBP- evidence based practice. It uses the best evidence in making patient care decisions What is an example of users or consumers of nursing research? - Correct Answers nurses who read research reports to keep up-to-date on findings that may affect their practice What is an example of a producer of nursing research? - Correct Answers nurses who actively design ND undertaker studies Even if you never conduct a study yourself, you may do one of the five following: - Correct Answers 1. identify an idea for clinical inquiry 2. assist in collecting research information 3. offer advice to clients about participating in a study 4. search for research evidence 5. discuss implications of a study in a journal club in your practice setting, which involves meetings to discuss research articles What year and where was the establishment of the first Center for Nursing Research? - Correct Answers Established in 1979 and was located at the McGill University. From there, nursing research was strengthened largely in the 1980s What year was EBP introduced? - Correct Answers 1990s What is the CCNRI and what is their purpose? - Correct Answers The CCNRI is the Canadian Consortium for Nursing Research and Innovation. The purpose was to create a strong, unified voice to promote nursing research and to develop a framework for building nursing research capacity in Canada What is translational research? - Correct Answers research on how finding from studies can best be translated into practice. Systemic reviews are the cornerstone for what? - Correct Answers Evidence-Based Practice What are the 8 future directions for nursing research? - Correct Answers 1. continued EBP 2. stronger evidence through confirmatory strategies 3. continued emphasis on systemic reviews 4. expanded local research in health care setting 5. expanded dissemination of research findings 6. increased focus on diversity issues and health disparities 7. clinical significance and patient-orientated research 8. inter-professional collaboration and health research What are the sources of evidence for nursing practice? - Correct Answers 1. tradition and authority (some traditional routines are ineffective, this is considered the leader of EBP) 2. clinical experience, trial and error ( reliable source of knowledge, has limitations as a source of evidence, nurses experience is too narrow, tends to be disorganized and solutions may be idiosyncratic- may be done in one’s own way) 3. assembled information (has some useful information, but provides no mechanism to actually guide improvements) 4. disciplined research (the best method of acquiring reliable knowledge that humans have developed) What is a paradigm? - Correct Answers a worldview, a general perspective to explain the world’s complexities What are the two types of paradigms? - Correct Answers Positivist paradigm and Constructivist paradigm Positivist Paradigm - Correct Answers - called positivism - rooted in 19th century -guided by philosophers Isaac Newton and John Locke - logical, rational, and scientific - orderly, disciplined procedures with tight controls Explain what a positivist would think like? - Correct Answers - assume that nature is ordered and regular - reality exists independent of human observation - the real world is not affected by the human mind, the way we think, perceive, or experience relevant to solving practical problems, for problem solving and making decision, can be evaluative or generate new knowledge (fits better for nursing practice) What are the main purposes of nursing research? - Correct Answers In order to have evidence-based practice, we need evidence. And with their knowledge and hands-on experience, nurses can theorize, hypothesize, structure studies, and collect evidence that leads to better care. The goal of nursing research is to achieve better care standards and applications for patients and families What is empirical evidence? - Correct Answers is rooted in objective reality and gathered directly or indirectly through the senses rather than through personal beliefs or hunches. What counts as evidence? Is it only the products of research? - Correct Answers Anything can be counted as evidence as long as it had a leg to stand on. Not all the time evidence is branched from a product of research. Evidence can statistics, quantitative or qualitative, and it may come from everyday nursing practice David Sacket EBP definition - Correct Answers the integration of best research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values What are the two concepts in EBP? - Correct Answers research utilization (RU) and knowledge translation (KT) CNA definition of EBP - Correct Answers the ongoing process that incorporates evidence from research, clinical expertise, client preference, and other available resources to make nursing decisions about clients. decision making in nursing practice is influenced by evidence and also by individual values, client choice, theories, clinical judgment, ethics, legislation, regulation, health-care resources, and practice environments Evidence based decisions should integrate____. - Correct Answers the best research evidence with clinical expertise, patient preference, and local circumstances Research Utilization - Correct Answers the use of findings from studies in a practical application that is unrelated to the original research. RU has an emphasis on translating new knowledge into real-world applications What is the difference from EBP and Research Utilization? - Correct Answers EBP is a broader concept because it integrates research findings with other contextual factors. RU usually starts with research itself, whereas EBP starts with a clinical question. What was a keystone for the EBP movement - Correct Answers The Cochrane Collaboration because it drew the attention to the shortage of solid evidence about the effects of healthcare and it called for efforts to make research summaries about interventions available to health care providers. What is the aim for the Cochrane Collaboration? - Correct Answers help providers make good decisions by preparing and disseminating systemic reviews of the effects of health care interventions Who was the evidence based movement pioneered by? - Correct Answers David socket EBP had been considered what? - Correct Answers a major paradigm shift in health care education and practice Supporters of evidence based practice believe.. - Correct Answers it is a rational approach to providing the best possible care with the most cost effective use of resources and it provides a framework for self-directed lifelong learning that is essential in an era of rapid clinical advances and the information explosion Knowledge Translation (KT) - Correct Answers often associated with efforts to enhance systematic change in clinical practice. It is a dynamic and iterative process that includes synthesis, dissemination, exchange, and ethically-sound application of knowledge to improve the health of Canadians, provide more effective health services and products and strengthen the health care system What is conceptual research utilization - Correct Answers Conceptual research utilization (CRU) refers to the cognitive use of research where the research findings may change one's opinion or mind set about a specific practice area but not necessarily one's particular action. It is an indirect application of research knowledge What is essential to make EBP happen? - Correct Answers strong leadership in health care organizations What is the purpose of "evidence hierarchies"? - Correct Answers Evidence hierarchies rank evidence sources according to the strength of the evidence they provide, and in most cases, randomized controlled trials are near the top of these hierarchies. Most of the time, evidence producing strategies depends on the type of questions being asked What are the barriers to EBP that have been studied? - Correct Answers Most of the barriers fall into one of the three categories. (1) Quality and nature of the research (2) characteristics of nurses and (3) organizational factors. Sometimes there is limited availability of strong research evidence for some practice areas. Nurse researched need to improve their ability to communicate evidence to practicing nurses. Lastly, most studies are reported in English so it is harder for nurses/researched in other countries to understand the research done. We can also evaluate nurse’s attitudes and education, access to skills, access to high-quality research, or simply the unit culture can be a large barrier What does it mean if something is "preprocessed"? - Correct Answers this refers to evidence that has been summarized and synthesized by other reviewers. it is often prepared by a team, which means that the conclusion are cross-checked and fairly objective. This is the most reliable source, unless the source is outdated. if you cannot find preprocessed evidence , you will need to find primary studies Systemic review - Correct Answers methodical, scholarly inquiry that follows many of the same steps as those for other studies. This can take many forms: - narrative (qualities). this is being replaced by meta-analysis Meta-analysis - Correct Answers technique for integrating quantitative research findings statistically. treats findings from a study as one piece of information, then uses findings from multiple studies and combines them together. All of the information is then analyzed statistically in a manner similar to that in a usual study individual studies are the unit of analysis meta-analysis provides an OBJECTIVE method of integrating a body of findings and observing patterns that might not have been detected. what is the most basic entity for analysis? - Correct Answers studying participants being the unit of analysis meta-synthesis - Correct Answers less about reducing information and more about interpreting it clinical-practice guidelines - Correct Answers distil a body of evidence into a usable form. they are often based on systematic reviews and they give specific concrete recommendations for evidence-based decision making sometimes different guidelines offer different or even confecting recommendations so it is important to carefully appraise them to identify ones that are based on the strongest evidence, are user friendly, meticulously developed, and appropriate for local use care bundles - Correct Answers a concept developed by the institute for healthcare improvement and adopted by the Canadian patient safety institute that encompasses a set of interventions to promote patient safety. it is believed that bundles of strategies produce a better outcome than a single intervention. how many appraisers should the AGREE tool have? - Correct Answers at least a team of two to four What are the major steps in EBP? - Correct Answers 1. asking clinical questions that can be answered with research evidence 2. searching for and retrieving relevant evidence 3. appraising and synthesizing the evidence 4. integrating the evidence with your own clinical expertise, patient preferences, and local context 5. assessing the effectiveness of the decision, intervention, or advice IMRAD format - Correct Answers introduction, method, results, discussion What is the difference with a qualitative title and a quantitative title? - Correct Answers qualitative: includes the central phenomenon and specific individuals under investigation quantitative: communicates key variables and the population (PICO components) what is an abstract? - Correct Answers a brief description of the study placed at the start of an article. readers can judge the abstract in whether they wish to continue to the full research report Introduction section includes - Correct Answers -the central phenomena, issues/problems, concepts, or variables under the study -the study purpose and research hypothesis or question -a review of the related literature theoretical or conceptual framework -significance of and need for the study Method section includes - Correct Answers the methods used to answer the research question - the research design -the sampling plan - methods of measuring -study process -data analysis Results section in a quantitative study includes - Correct Answers - the names of statistical tests used -the value of the calculated statistics - the statistical significance statistically significant - Correct Answers means the findings are probably true level of significance - Correct Answers an index of how probable it is that the findings are reliable discussion section includes - Correct Answers - an interpretation of the results -clinical and research implications -study limitations and credibility of the results What are some reasons that research is hard to read? - Correct Answers 1. compactness 2. jargon 3. objectivity 4. statistical information research critique - Correct Answers an objective assessment of a study's strengths and limitations inference - Correct Answers a conclusion drawn from the study evidence using logical reasoning and taking into account the methods used to generate that evidence scientific merit - Correct Answers the quality of a study Reliability - Correct Answers the accuracy and consistency of information obtained in a study validity - Correct Answers concerns to "soundness" of a study's evidence. Basically questioning if the methods used are really measuring the concepts that they claim to measure what does trustworthiness encompass - Correct Answers credibility, transferability, confirm ability, dependability. and authenticity credibility - Correct Answers the quality of being believable or trustworthy Triangulation - Correct Answers the use of multiple methods to study one research question and to draw conclusions about what constitutes the truth - used to identify bias bias - Correct Answers a distortion or influence that can lead to an error in interference. this can be cause by: -study participants lack of honesty -researchers preconceptions -faulty methods of collecting data research control - Correct Answers keeping the outcome variable constant so that the true relationship between the independent and outcome variables can be understood contaminating factors are also called - Correct Answers confounding (or extraneous) variables study - Correct Answers when researchers answer a question through disciplined research In a quantitative study, what are the people involved with the study called? - Correct Answers subjects or study participates In a qualitative study, what are the people involved with the study called? - Correct Answers study participants or informants Why might a researcher do multiple studies? - Correct Answers multiple studies offers a large and often more diverse group of participants phenomena or concepts - Correct Answers these are abstractions. i.e./ pain, fatigue, and obesity are obstructions of human characteristics. researchers can also call this a construct theory - Correct Answers an explanation of some aspect of reality In qualitative studies, theory is often___ - Correct Answers the product of the study Concepts in a study is also called a ___ - Correct Answers variable When we think about variables, the presumed cause is the ______ (independent or dependent) variable, and the presumed effect is the __(independent or dependent) variable. - Correct Answers independent (affects how the variable will behave) dependent (the outcome that the researchers was to understand, study, explain, or predict) conceptual definition - Correct Answers theoretical meaning of a concept operational definition - Correct Answers indicates what the researchers specifically must do to measure the concept and collect the needed information research data - Correct Answers the pieces gathered within the study what is the difference between an experimental research and a non-experimental research? - Correct Answers in an experimental research, the researchers are actively involved (clinical trials), whereas in a non-experimental research , the researchers are by-standers (observational studies) grounded theory - Correct Answers tradition seeks to describe and understand key social psychological processes - developed by Glaser and Strauss in the 1960s -focuses on the social and psychological experiences that characterize a particular event or episode -major component is to find the core variable (the main concern) -researchers strive to generate explanations that are grounded in reality Phenomenology - Correct Answers - concerned with people's lived experiences -thinking about what life experiences of people are like and what they mean Ethnography - Correct Answers -studying the patterns and lifeway’s of a defined cultural group in a holistic fashion -engage in extensive fieldwork