CANCER BIOLOGY LECTURE 3 CELLULAR HALLMARKS OF CANCER REVIEW EXAM Q & A 2024, Exams of Nursing

Download CANCER BIOLOGY LECTURE 3 CELLULAR HALLMARKS OF CANCER REVIEW EXAM Q & A 2024 and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! CANCER BIOLOGY LECTURE 3 Cellular Hallmarks of Cancer Review Exam Q & A 2024 Which of the following cellular hallmarks of cancer is characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and division? a) Angiogenesis b) Sustained proliferative signaling c) Evasion of growth suppressors d) Tumor-promoting inflammation Answer: b) Sustained proliferative signaling Rationale: Sustained proliferative signaling refers to the ability of cancer cells to continuously receive signals for cell growth and division, leading to uncontrolled proliferation. What is the process by which cancer cells stimulate the formation of new blood vessels to supply nutrients and oxygen to the tumor? a) Angiogenesis b) Resisting cell death c) Deregulating cellular energetics d) Enabling replicative immortality Answer: a) Angiogenesis Rationale: Angiogenesis is a hallmark of cancer that allows tumors to induce the formation of new blood vessels, supporting their growth and metastasis. Which hallmark of cancer involves the ability of cancer cells to evade programmed cell death? a) Tumor-promoting inflammation b) Evading immune destruction c) Resisting cell death d) Activating invasion and metastasis Answer: c) Resisting cell death Rationale: Cancer cells can resist programmed cell death (apoptosis), allowing them to survive and proliferate uncontrollably. The process of altering cellular metabolism to support the energy requirements of cancer cells is known as: a) Evading growth suppressors b) Deregulating cellular energetics c) Enabling replicative immortality tumor-promoting inflammation. Which hallmark of cancer involves the ability of cancer cells to reprogram energy metabolism to support their rapid growth? a) Deregulating cellular energetics b) Activating invasion and metastasis c) Evading immune destruction d) Enabling replicative immortality Answer: a) Deregulating cellular energetics Rationale: Cancer cells alter their metabolism to meet the increased energy demands required for rapid proliferation, a hallmark referred to as deregulating cellular energetics. The process of extending the lifespan of cancer cells beyond normal limits is known as: a) Enabling replicative immortality b) Angiogenesis c) Sustained proliferative signaling d) Genome instability and mutation Answer: a) Enabling replicative immortality Rationale: Cancer cells activate mechanisms that enable them to divide indefinitely, a characteristic known as enabling replicative immortality. What is the term for the process of cancer cells acquiring the ability to migrate and establish secondary tumors at distant sites? a) Evading immune destruction b) Activating invasion and metastasis c) Genome instability and mutation d) Sustained proliferative signaling Answer: b) Activating invasion and metastasis Rationale: Cancer cells can acquire the ability to invade surrounding tissues and metastasize to distant organs, enabling the establishment of secondary tumors. Which hallmark of cancer involves the capacity of cancer cells to induce the formation of new blood vessels to support tumor growth? a) Enabling replicative immortality b) Inducing angiogenesis c) Resisting cell death d) Deregulating cellular energetics Answer: b) Inducing angiogenesis Rationale: Cancer cells can stimulate the formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) to ensure a sufficient blood supply for tumor growth and survival. The process by which cancer cells accumulate genetic mutations that drive tumor progression and heterogeneity is known as: a) Genome instability and mutation b) Tumor-promoting inflammation c) Evading growth suppressors d) Deregulating cellular energetics Answer: a) Genome instability and mutation Rationale: Cancer cells exhibit genomic instability, leading to the accumulation of mutations that contribute to tumor progression and diversity. What is the hallmark of cancer that involves the ability of cancer cells to resist signals that would normally inhibit their growth? a) Angiogenesis b) Evading growth suppressors c) Tumor-promoting inflammation d) Activating invasion and metastasis Answer: b) Evading growth suppressors Rationale: Cancer cells can evade signals that would typically suppress their growth, contributing to uncontrolled proliferation, a characteristic known as evading growth suppressors. The process of evading recognition and destruction by the immune system is known as: a) Tumor-promoting inflammation b) Evading immune destruction c) Deregulating cellular energetics d) Inducing angiogenesis Answer: b) Evading immune destruction Rationale: Cancer cells can evade immune surveillance and destruction, enabling their survival and growth, a hallmark referred to as evading immune destruction. Which hallmark of cancer involves the ability of cancer cells to resist programmed cell death mechanisms? a) Sustained proliferative signaling b) Resisting cell death c) Enabling replicative immortality d) Activating invasion and metastasis Answer: b) Resisting cell death Rationale: Cancer cells can resist programmed cell death (apoptosis), allowing them to survive and proliferate uncontrollably. What is the term for the process of cancer cells altering their metabolism to support rapid growth and proliferation? a) Tumor-promoting inflammation b) Deregulating cellular energetics c) Genome instability and mutation d) Angiogenesis Answer: b) Deregulating cellular energetics Rationale: Cancer cells reprogram their metabolism to meet the energy demands required for rapid growth, a hallmark known as deregulating cellular energetics. The process of inducing local inflammation to promote tumor growth and progression is known as: a) Tumor-promoting inflammation b) Activating invasion and metastasis c) Evading immune destruction d) Inducing angiogenesis Answer: a) Tumor-promoting inflammation Rationale: Inflammation within the tumor microenvironment can promote cancer development and progression, a hallmark referred to as tumor-promoting inflammation. Which hallmark of cancer involves the ability of cancer cells to evade signals that would normally inhibit their growth and division? a) Evading growth suppressors b) Inducing angiogenesis new blood vessels to supply nutrients. 5. **How do cancer cells achieve replicative immortality?** - A) By increasing oxidative stress - B) Through unlimited replicative potential - C) By evading apoptosis - D) Through genomic instability and mutation - **Answer: B**. Cancer cells can replicate indefinitely, often through mechanisms like telomerase activation. 6. **Genomic instability in cancer cells leads to what?** - A) Reduced heterogeneity within tumors - B) Decreased mutation rates - C) Increased mutation rates leading to diversity in tumor cell populations - D) Enhanced immune system recognition - **Answer: C**. Genomic instability causes high mutation rates, contributing to genetic diversity within tumors. 7. **What role does tumor-promoting inflammation play in cancer?** - A) It decreases the rate of cell division. - B) It supports cancer cell survival and proliferation. - C) It enhances immune surveillance. - D) It reduces genomic instability. - **Answer: B**. Chronic inflammation can create an environment that supports cancer cell growth and survival. 8. **How do cancer cells reprogram their energy metabolism?** - A) By reducing glucose uptake and lactate production - B) Through increased oxidative phosphorylation - C) By shifting towards glycolysis even in the presence of oxygen (Warburg effect) - D) Decreasing ATP production - **Answer: C**. The Warburg effect describes how cancer cells prefer glycolysis for energy production, even with sufficient oxygen. 9. **What mechanism do cancer cells use to resist cell death?** - A) They increase autophagic processes. - B) They decrease their apoptotic threshold. - C) They upregulate pro-survival pathways. - D) They enhance oxidative stress responses. - **Answer: C**. Cancer cells often upregulate pathways that prevent apoptosis, aiding their survival. 10. **Which hallmark is associated with the ability of cancer cells to induce genetic mutations?** - A) Evading growth suppressors - B) Genomic instability and mutation - C) Tumor-promoting inflammation - D) Resisting cell death - **Answer: B**. Genomic instability in cancer leads to a high frequency of mutations within the cellular DNA. 1. Which of the following is NOT one of the ten hallmarks of cancer? A. Sustaining proliferative signaling B. Evading growth suppressors C. Promoting angiogenesis D. Inhibiting telomerase activity Answer: D. Inhibiting telomerase activity Rationale: Inhibiting telomerase activity is not one of the ten hallmarks of cancer, as telomerase activity is commonly upregulated in cancer cells. 2. Which hallmark of cancer is characterized by the ability of cancer cells to evade apoptosis? A. Resisting cell death B. Enabling replicative immortality C. Evading growth suppressors D. Activating invasion and metastasis Answer: A. Resisting cell death Rationale: Resisting cell death is the hallmark of cancer that involves the ability of cancer cells to evade apoptosis, which is a normal process of cell death. 3. Which hallmark of cancer involves the cancer cells' ability to sustain chronic inflammation? A. Enabling replicative immortality B. Inducing angiogenesis C. Activating invasion and metastasis D. Evading growth suppressors Answer: C. Activating invasion and metastasis Rationale: Activating invasion and metastasis is the hallmark of cancer that involves the ability of cancer cells to spread to distant sites, often in the presence of chronic inflammation. 4. Which hallmark of cancer involves the ability of cancer cells to bypass cell cycle checkpoints and continue to proliferate? A. Sustaining proliferative signaling B. Evading growth suppressors C. Enabling replicative immortality D. Promoting genomic instability Answer: A. Sustaining proliferative signaling Rationale: Sustaining proliferative signaling involves the ability of cancer cells to continue to proliferate and grow without regulation. 5. Which of the following hallmarks of cancer is associated with the upregulation of telomerase activity, allowing for unlimited cell division? A. Enabling replicative immortality B. Evading growth suppressors C. Promoting angiogenesis D. Inducing inflammation Answer: A. Enabling replicative immortality Rationale: Enabling replicative immortality involves the upregulation of telomerase activity, which allows cancer cells to divide indefinitely. 6. Which hallmark of cancer involves the production of new blood vessels to supply nutrients and oxygen to the growing tumor? A. Resisting cell death B. Enabling replicative immortality C. Inducing angiogenesis D. Promoting genomic instability Answer: C. Inducing angiogenesis Rationale: Inducing angiogenesis involves the formation of new blood vessels to support the growth and spread of cancer cells. stimulate the formation of new blood vessels to support tumor growth? A. Sustaining proliferative signaling B. Promoting angiogenesis C. Resisting cell death D. Inducing inflammation Answer: B. Promoting angiogenesis Rationale: Promoting angiogenesis involves the stimulation of new blood vessel formation to supply nutrients and oxygen to the growing tumor. 15. Which hallmark of cancer involves the ability of cancer cells to successfully evade the body's natural tumor-suppressing mechanisms? A. Evading growth suppressors B. Activating invasion and metastasis C. Sustaining proliferative signaling D. Enabling replicative immortality Answer: A. Evading growth suppressors Rationale: Evading growth suppressors involves the ability of cancer cells to evade natural tumor-suppressing mechanisms in the body. 16. Which hallmark of cancer involves the ability of cancer cells to override cell cycle checkpoints and continue to divide? A. Sustaining proliferative signaling B. Enabling replicative immortality C. Resisting cell death D. Promoting genomic instability Answer: A. Sustaining proliferative signaling Rationale: Sustaining proliferative signaling involves the activation of pathways that allow cancer cells to bypass cell cycle checkpoints and continue to divide. 17. Which hallmark of cancer involves the ability of cancer cells to resist programmed cell death? A. Enabling replicative immortality B. Resisting cell death C. Evading growth suppressors D. Promoting genomic instability Answer: B. Resisting cell death Rationale: Resisting cell death involves the ability of cancer cells to evade apoptosis, or programmed cell death. 18. Which hallmark of cancer involves the ability of cancer cells to accumulate genetic mutations and exhibit genetic diversity? A. Promoting genomic instability B. Activating invasion and metastasis C. Sustaining proliferative signaling D. Inducing angiogenesis Answer: A. Promoting genomic instability Rationale: Promoting genomic instability involves the accumulation of genetic mutations in cancer cells, leading to genetic diversity and adaptability. 19. Which hallmark of cancer involves the ability of cancer cells to alter their microenvironment and promote tumor growth? A. Inducing inflammation B. Enabling replicative immortality C. Evading growth suppressors D. Sustaining proliferative signaling Answer: A. Inducing inflammation Rationale: Inducing inflammation involves the ability of cancer cells to modify their surrounding microenvironment to promote tumor growth and progression. 20. Which hallmark of cancer involves the ability of cancer cells to evade the body's immune system and avoid destruction? A. Resisting immune destruction B. Enabling replicative immortality C. Activating invasion and metastasis D. Evading growth suppressors Answer: A. Resisting immune destruction Rationale: Resisting immune destruction involves the ability of cancer cells to evade detection and destruction by the body's immune system. 21. Which hallmark of cancer involves the ability of cancer cells to invade surrounding tissues and spread to distant sites? A. Activating invasion and metastasis B. Promoting angiogenesis C. Evading growth suppressors D. Sustaining proliferative signaling Answer: A. Activating invasion and metastasis Rationale: Activating invasion and metastasis involves the invasion of surrounding tissues and metastasis to distant sites. 22. Which hallmark of cancer involves the ability of cancer cells to induce the formation of new blood vessels to fuel tumor growth? A. Promoting angiogenesis B. Evading growth suppressors C. Enabling replicative immortality D. Resisting cell death Answer: A. Promoting angiogenesis Rationale: Promoting angiogenesis involves the stimulation of new blood vessel formation to support the growth and spread of cancer cells. 23. Which hallmark of cancer involves the ability of cancer cells to continue to divide and replicate endlessly? A. Enabling replicative immortality B. Sustaining proliferative signaling C. Resisting cell death D. Promoting genomic instability Answer: A. Enabling replicative immortality Rationale: Enabling replicative immortality involves the ability of cancer cells to maintain their ability to divide and replicate indefinitely. 24. Which hallmark of cancer involves the ability of cancer cells to escape the body's natural tumor-suppressing mechanisms? A. Evading growth suppressors B. Activating invasion and metastasis C. Sustaining proliferative signaling D. Resisting cell death Answer: A. Evading growth suppressors Rationale: Evading growth suppressors involves the ability of cancer cells to evade natural tumor-suppressing mechanisms in the body. 25. Which hallmark of cancer involves the ability of cancer cells to resist programmed cell death and survive in harsh conditions?