CANCER BIOLOGY LECTURE I MAJOR TYPES OF CANCER REVIEW EXAM Q & A 2024, Exams of Nursing

Download CANCER BIOLOGY LECTURE I MAJOR TYPES OF CANCER REVIEW EXAM Q & A 2024 and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! CANCER BIOLOGY LECTURE 1 Major Types of Cancer Review Exam Q & A 2024 Which type of cancer originates in the cells of the breast? a) Leukemia b) Lymphoma c) Melanoma d) Breast cancer Rationale: Breast cancer is characterized by the abnormal growth of cells in the breast tissue. It is the most common cancer among women worldwide and can also occur in men. What is the primary risk factor for lung cancer? a) Obesity b) Exposure to asbestos c) Family history of skin cancer d) Smoking Rationale: Smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer, responsible for the majority of cases. Exposure to asbestos and radon gas are also significant risk factors. Which type of cancer affects the bone marrow and blood? a) Brain cancer b) Colon cancer c) Leukemia d) Prostate cancer Rationale: Leukemia is a cancer of the blood-forming tissues, including the bone marrow and the lymphatic system. It leads to the overproduction of abnormal white blood cells. What is the most common type of skin cancer? a) Melanoma b) Basal cell carcinoma c) Sarcoma d) Basal cell carcinoma Rationale: Basal cell carcinoma is the most prevalent form of skin cancer, with smokers being at least three times more likely to develop the disease than non-smokers. Which type of cancer affects the lymphatic system? a) Lymphoma b) Thyroid cancer c) Skin cancer d) Ovarian cancer Rationale: Lymphoma is a cancer that originates in the lymphocytes, which are a type of white blood cell involved in the body's immune system. What is the primary cause of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers? a) Chewing gum excessively b) Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection c) Lack of flossing d) Excessive consumption of spicy foods Rationale: Infection with high-risk strains of HPV, particularly HPV- 16, is the primary cause of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers. Which type of cancer affects the testicles? a) Testicular cancer b) Colorectal cancer c) Lung cancer d) Pancreatic cancer Rationale: Testicular cancer occurs in the testicles, which are part of the male reproductive system. What is the primary risk factor for esophageal cancer? a) Chronic acid reflux b) Exposure to diesel fumes c) Lack of sleep d) High intake of vitamin D Rationale: Chronic acid reflux, also known as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), is a significant risk factor for esophageal cancer. Which type of cancer affects the kidneys? a) Bladder cancer b) Renal cell carcinoma c) Liver cancer d) Thyroid cancer Rationale: Renal cell carcinoma is the most common type of kidney cancer, originating in the lining of the proximal convoluted tubule, a part of the small tubes in the kidney that filter waste from the blood. What is the primary cause of ovarian cancer? a) Family history of ovarian cancer b) Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation c) Chronic stress d) High intake of saturated fats Rationale: A family history of ovarian cancer, along with inherited genetic mutations such as BRCA1 and BRCA2, is a significant risk factor for developing the disease. Which type of cancer affects the thyroid gland? a) Thyroid cancer b) Pancreatic cancer c) Prostate cancer d) Endometrial cancer Rationale: Thyroid cancer originates in the cells of the thyroid gland, which is located in the neck and produces hormones that regulate metabolism. What is the primary risk factor for brain cancer? a) Excessive use of electronic devices b) Exposure to ionizing radiation c) Lack of social interaction d) High intake of sugar Rationale: Exposure to ionizing radiation, either from medical imaging or radiation therapy, is a significant risk factor for brain cancer. Which type of cancer affects the soft tissues of the body, such as muscles and fat? a) Pancreatic cancer b) Sarcoma c) Lung cancer d) Colon cancer Rationale: Sarcoma is a rare type of cancer that develops in the soft tissues of the body, including muscles, tendons, and connective tissues. What is the primary cause of stomach cancer? a) Consumption of spicy foods b) Lack of regular exercise c) Infection with Helicobacter pylori d) Family history of skin cancer Rationale: Infection with Helicobacter pylori, a type of bacteria that infects the stomach lining, is the primary cause of stomach cancer. Which type of cancer affects the lining of the bladder? a) Bladder cancer b) Liver cancer c) Prostate cancer d) Ovarian cancer Rationale: Bladder cancer begins in the urothelial cells that line the inside of the bladder and is the sixth most common cancer in the United States. What is the primary risk factor for skin cancer, specifically melanoma? a) Lack of regular skin moisturization b) Excessive exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation c) High intake of antioxidants d) Regular use of sunscreen with low SPF Which type of cancer is characterized by uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the prostate gland? a) Testicular cancer b) Prostate cancer c) Bladder cancer d) Ovarian cancer Rationale: Prostate cancer is a common cancer in men, with the prostate gland being a part of the male reproductive system. What is the primary risk factor for colorectal cancer? a) High intake of vitamin C b) Sedentary lifestyle c) Family history of colorectal cancer d) Vegetarian diet Rationale: A family history of colorectal cancer is a significant risk factor, along with age, inflammatory bowel disease, and inherited genetic syndromes. Which type of cancer originates in the plasma cells of the bone marrow? a) Multiple myeloma b) Thyroid cancer c) Esophageal cancer d) Hodgkin lymphoma Rationale: Multiple myeloma is a cancer that develops in plasma cells, which are a type of white blood cell responsible for producing antibodies. What is the primary cause of liver cancer? a) Chronic hepatitis C infection b) Excessive consumption of dairy products c) Lack of physical exercise d) Chronic hepatitis C infection Rationale: Chronic infection with hepatitis B or C viruses is the leading cause of liver cancer, along with excessive alcohol consumption and aflatoxin exposure. Which type of cancer affects the lining of the uterus? a) Ovarian cancer b) Endometrial cancer c) Prostate cancer d) Bladder cancer Rationale: Endometrial cancer, also known as uterine cancer, originates in the lining of the uterus and is more common in postmenopausal women. What is the primary risk factor for bladder cancer? a) Exposure to radon gas b) Tobacco use c) Consumption of red meat d) Regular physical activity Rationale: Tobacco use is the most significant risk factor for bladder cancer, with smokers being at least three times more likely to develop the disease than non-smokers. Which type of cancer affects the lymphatic system? a) Lymphoma b) Thyroid cancer c) Skin cancer d) Ovarian cancer Rationale: Lymphoma is a cancer that originates in the lymphocytes, which are a type of white blood cell involved in the body's immune system. What is the primary cause of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers? a) Chewing gum excessively b) Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection c) Lack of flossing d) Excessive consumption of spicy foods Rationale: Infection with high-risk strains of HPV, particularly HPV- 16, is the primary cause of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers. Which type of cancer affects the testicles? a) Testicular cancer b) Colorectal cancer c) Lung cancer d) Pancreatic cancer Rationale: Testicular cancer occurs in the testicles, which are part of the male reproductive system. What is the primary risk factor for esophageal cancer? a) Chronic acid reflux b) Exposure to diesel fumes c) Lack of sleep d) High intake of vitamin D Rationale: Chronic acid reflux, also known as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), is a significant risk factor for esophageal cancer. Which type of cancer affects the kidneys? a) Bladder cancer b) Renal cell carcinoma c) Liver cancer d) Thyroid cancer Rationale: Renal cell carcinoma is the most common type of kidney cancer, originating in the lining of the proximal convoluted tubule, a part of the small tubes in the kidney that filter waste from the blood. What is the primary cause of ovarian cancer? a) Family history of ovarian cancer b) Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation c) Chronic stress d) High intake of saturated fats Rationale: A family history of ovarian cancer, along with inherited genetic mutations such as BRCA1 and BRCA2, is a significant risk factor for developing the disease. - B) Breast cancer; Genetics - C) Prostate cancer; Age - D) Colorectal cancer; Diet **Answer: A**. Lung cancer is the most prevalent cancer worldwide, and smoking is the primary risk factor. 2. **During a case study, a patient with a history of hepatitis B and C is found to have liver cirrhosis. Which type of cancer should they be regularly screened for?** - A) Pancreatic cancer - B) Hepatocellular carcinoma - C) Gastric cancer - D) Colorectal cancer **Answer: B**. Patients with liver cirrhosis, especially those with a history of hepatitis B or C, should be screened for hepatocellular carcinoma. 3. **A 60-year-old patient presents with blood in their stool and a change in bowel habits. Which diagnostic test is most relevant for screening for colorectal cancer?** - A) Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test - B) Colonoscopy - C) Mammography - D) Pap smear **Answer: B**. A colonoscopy is the most relevant diagnostic test for colorectal cancer screening. 4. **Which type of cancer has been linked to human papillomavirus (HPV) infection?** - A) Leukemia - B) Cervical cancer - C) Breast cancer - D) Lung cancer **Answer: B**. HPV infection has been strongly linked to the development of cervical cancer. 5. **In a case study involving breast cancer, which receptor status is associated with a more favorable prognosis?** - A) Estrogen receptor-negative (ER-) - B) Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive (HER2+) - C) Estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) - D) Triple-negative **Answer: C**. Estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) status is associated with a more favorable prognosis in breast cancer. 6. **What is the gold standard treatment for early-stage prostate cancer?** - A) Chemotherapy - B) Radical prostatectomy - C) Radiation therapy - D) Immunotherapy **Answer: B**. Radical prostatectomy is considered the gold standard treatment for early-stage prostate cancer. 7. **A patient diagnosed with non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) has a mutation in the EGFR gene. What targeted therapy would be most appropriate?** - A) Trastuzumab - B) Imatinib - C) Erlotinib - D) Vemurafenib **Answer: C**. Erlotinib is a targeted therapy used for NSCLC patients with EGFR mutations. 8. **Which type of leukemia is most common in children?** - A) Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) - B) Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) - C) Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) - D) Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) **Answer: C**. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common type of leukemia in children. 9. **In a case study, a patient presents with severe itching and night sweats but no fever. These symptoms are characteristic of which type of lymphoma?** - A) Hodgkin's lymphoma - B) Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma - C) Burkitt's lymphoma - D) Mantle cell lymphoma **Answer: A**. Severe itching and night sweats without fever are characteristic symptoms of Hodgkin's lymphoma. 10. **A nursing student studying oncology needs to understand tumor markers. Which marker is associated with ovarian cancer?** - A) Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) - B) Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) - C) CA-125 - D) PSA **Answer: C**. CA-125 is a tumor marker associated with ovarian cancer.