Pharmaceutical Solutions: Syrups, Elixirs, Tinctures, Waters, Spirits, Cheat Sheet of Chemistry

Download Pharmaceutical Solutions: Syrups, Elixirs, Tinctures, Waters, Spirits and more Cheat Sheet Chemistry in PDF only on Docsity! KOMAR UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Pharmaceutical Compounding I (PHR3325C) Lec 3: Types of Solution: Syrups, Elixirs and Tinctures OUTLINE • Syrups • Elixirs • Tinctures • Aromatic water • Spirits SYRUPS • Syrups are concentrated, viscous aqueous solutions • Sugar or sugar substitute • Drugs USES AND ADVANTAGE 1. Inability of some children and elderly people to swallow solid dosage forms. • Pharmacists asked to prepare an oral liquid dosage form of a medication available in the pharmacy only as tablets or capsules 2. Masking the taste • Sweetness 3. The syrups contain little or no alcohol that makes it favourable amongt parents. TYPES OF SYRUPS 1. Non-Medicated (flavored vehicles) • Contain flavoring agents but not medicinal substances • Serve as pleasant-tasting vehicles for medicinal substances to be added in the • Extemporaneous compounding of prescriptions 2. Medicated • Contain medicinal substances • Mostly prepared by pharma companies • Medicated syrups are used in therapeutics for the value of the medicinal agent present in the syrup. TYPES SUGAR CONTENT 1. Sugar Based • Sucrose • Simple Syrup 66.7% w/v sucrose in purified water • Orange syrup • Sucrose-based syrup uses sweet orange peel tincture, citric acid as the source of flavor and tartness. Resembles orange juice in taste; good vehicle for drugs stable in acidic medium 2. Non-sugar based 1. Glycogenetic • Sorbitol, propylene glycol, and glycerin • Sweet SF • A sugar-free syrup containing sorbitol and can be used in diabetic patients 2. Non-glycogenetic Methyl cellulose (MC), Hydroxyethyl cellulose METHYL CELLULOSE (MC), HYDROXYETHYL CELLULOSE • These materials are not absorbed into the blood stream • An excellent syrup-like vehicle for medications • Intended for use by diabetic patients and others whose diet must be controlled SOLUTION WITH THE AID OF HEAT 1. Sugar (Sucrose) is added to purified water with heating until excess sugar is dissolved 2. Other components to be heat stable is added 3. The mixture is allowed to cool, and the volume is adjusted to the proper level by the addition of purified water. 4. Heat-labile agents or volatile substances • Volatile flavoring oils and alcohol • Added to the syrup after heating and the solution is cooled to room temperature FORMULATION PROBLEMS • Sucrose, a disaccharide, may be hydrolyzed into monosaccharides, glucose and fructose. • This hydrolytic reaction is inversion • The combination of the two monosaccharide products is invert sugar FORMULATION PROBLEMS • When excessive heat is applied in the preparation of a sucrose syrup, some inversion of the sucrose is almost certain. • The speed of inversion is greatly increased by the presence of acids, the hydrogen ion acting as a catalyst to the reaction. • Taste HOW TO KNOW IF HAPPENS ? • Sweetness of the syrup is altered because invert sugar is sweeter than sucrose • Colour • Colorless syrup darkens because of the effect of heat on the fructose portion of the invert sugar. • greatly overheated, it becomes amber colored as the sucrose caramelizes SOLUTION BY AGITATION WITHOUT THE AID OF HEAT • To avoid heat-induced inversion of sucrose, a syrup may be prepared without heat by agitation. • This process is slower than the use of heat PREPARATION 1. Sucrose and other ingridients may be dissolved in purified water 2. Permitting agitation of the mixture. 3. Liquids that are soluble in the syrup or miscible with it may be added 4. Solid agents are to be added to a syrup • Dissolved in an amount of purified water and incorporate the resulting solution into the syrup ADDITION OF SUCROSE TO A MEDICATED LIQUID OR TO A FLAVORED LIQUID • Tincture or fluidextract (Drug) • Contain alcohol-soluble constituents and are prepared with alcoholic or hydroalcoholic vehicles. • Cough Syrups PREPARATION 1. If the tincture or fluidextract is miscible with aqueous preparations • It may be added directly to simple syrup or to a flavored syrup 2. Tincture or fluidextract is in large volume to which the sucrose is added in preparation of the syrup. PERCOLATION • Process in which a crude or comminuted drug is extracted of its soluble constituents by the slow passage of a suitable solvent through a column of the drug. • The drug is packed in a special extraction apparatus termed a percolator • Collected extractive called the percolate PREPARATION a. The preparation of the extractive of the drug • The source of the medicinal component percolated to form an extractive b. The preparation of the syrup • sucrose or syrup may be added IPECAC SYRUP • Prepared by adding glycerin and syrup to an extractive of powdered ipecac obtained by percolation. • The drug ipecac • The dried rhizome and roots of Cephaëlis ipecacuanha • Contains the alkaloids emetine, cephaline, and psychotrine • These alkaloids are extracted from the powdered ipecac by percolation with a hydroalcoholic solvent. PACKAGING • Storage in a tight container is a requirement for all syrups. • Clear ELIXIRS , sweetened hydroalcoholic solutions • Intended for oral use • Flavored to enhance their palatability • Compared with syrups, elixirs are usually less sweet and less viscous because they contain a lower proportion of sugar PACKAGING • Must be tightly stoppered and not exposed to excessive temperatures • High alcohol content • Many tinctures must be stored in light-resistant containers and protected from sunlight • The constituents found in tinctures undergo a photochemical change upon exposure to light IODINE TINCTURE • The tincture is local anti-infective agent applied to the skin in general household first aid. • Prepared by • Dissolving 2% iodine crystals and 2.4% sodium iodide in an amount of alcohol equal to half the volume of tincture to be prepared • Then diluting the solution to volume with sufficient purified water • I2 + NaI ↔ NaI3 • Prevents formation of ethyl iodide • from the interaction between iodine and alcohol, which would result in the loss of the antibacterial activity of the tincture. • Clear AROMATIC WATERS , aqueous solutions saturated with volatile oils or other aromatic or volatile substances. • Orange flower oil • Peppermint oil • Rose oil • Camphor • Chloroform • Aromatic waters may be used for perfuming and/or flavoring. SPIRITS • Alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions of volatile substances. • The alcoholic concentration of spirits is usually over 60%. • Because of the greater solubility of aromatic or volatile substances in alcohol than in water • Spirits can contain a greater concentration of these materials than the aromatic waters. NON-AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS • Liniments • Collodions