Carbohydrates: Classification, Reactions, and Structures, Study notes of Latin

Download Carbohydrates: Classification, Reactions, and Structures and more Study notes Latin in PDF only on Docsity! CARBOHYDRATES PPT BY K.ANITA PRIYADHARSHINI INTRODUCTION • General names for carbohydrates include sugars,  starches, saccharides, and polysaccharides. The term  saccharide is derived from the Latin word "  sacchararum" from the sweet taste of sugars. • The name "carbohydrate" means a "hydrate of  carbon." The name derives from the general formula of  carbohydrate is Cx(H2O)y ‐ x and y may or may not be  equal and range in value from 3 to 12 or more. For  example glucose is: C6(H2O)6 or is more commonly  written, C6H12O6. EPIMERIZATION • Epimers are diastereomers that differ in configuration of only one stereogenic centre. • The sugars α-glucose and β-glucose are epimers. • Epimerisation is a chemical process where an epimer is transformed into  its chiral counterpart. It can happen in condensed tannins  depolymerisation reactions. Epimerisation can be spontaneous (generally  a slow process), or catalyzed by enzymes, e.g. the epimerization between  the sugars N‐acetylglucosamine and N‐acetylmannosamine, which is  catalyzed by Renin‐Binding Protein. MUTAROTATION Mutarotation is the change in the optical rotation that occurs by epimerization (that is the change in the equilibrium between two epimers, when the corresponding stereocenters interconvert). Cyclic sugars show mutarotation as α and β anomeric forms interconvert Structure of Glucose METHODS OF DESCENDING SUGAR SERIES • WOHL’S METHOD • RUFF’S METHOD • WEERMAN’S METHOD • MACDONALD’S METHOD