Download Chemistry 2370: Chapter 1 - Carbon Compounds & Chemical Bonds - Prof. Sushama A. Dandekar and more Study notes Organic Chemistry in PDF only on Docsity! CHEM 2370 CHAPTER 1 (Solomons, 9th ed.) 1 Dr. S. A. Dandekar CHAPTER 1 CARBON COMPOUNDS & CHEMICAL BONDS REVIEW TOPICS - EMPIRICAL & MOLECULAR FORMULAS - ATOMIC ORBITALS - CHEMICAL BONDING - LEWIS STRUCTURES: OCTET RULE - FORMAL CHARGE - EXCEPTIONS TO OCTET RULE - RESONANCE - MOLECULAR GEOMETRY: VSEPR THEORY - MOLECULAR ORBITALS - HYBRIDIZATION NEW TOPICS - STRUCTURAL FORMULAS - ISOMERS - DASH, CONDENSED, BOND-LINE, 3-D CHEM 2370 CHAPTER 1 (Solomons, 9th ed.) 2 Dr. S. A. Dandekar REVIEW TOPICS: EMPIRICAL & MOLECULAR FORMULAS CH2 v. C2H4, C5H10, C10H20, etc. REVIEW: APPENDIX A OF STUDY GUIDE ATOMIC ORBITALS ( s, p, d, f ) - RULES GOVERNING A.O.s - AUFBAU PRINCIPLE - PAULI EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE - HUND’S RULE REVIEW: SECTION 1.9, 1.10, p 19-22 CHEMICAL BONDING - TO ACHIEVE STABLE e− CONFIGURATION VIA e− TRANSFER / SHARING IONIC COVALENT POLAR COVALENT - CHARACTERISTIC NUMBER OF BONDS ( C = 4 H = 1 O = 2 N = 3 Cl = 1 S = 2 ) ( - WHY ? ) CHEM 2370 CHAPTER 1 (Solomons, 9th ed.) 5 Dr. S. A. Dandekar NEW TOPICS: STRUCTURAL FORMULAS e.g. C4H10 - HOW MANY DIFFERENT WAYS TO CONNECT THE ATOMS? NOTE: MUST BE A VALID LEWIS STRUCTURE i.e., EACH CARBON MUST HAVE 4 BONDS , & EACH HYDROGEN MUST HAVE 1 BOND - TWO POSSIBILITIES EXIST: - EACH REPRESENTS A UNIQUE SUBSTANCE, WITH ITS OWN CHARACTERISTIC PROPERTIES ISOMERS: DIFFERENT SUBSTANCES: SAME MOLECULAR FORMULA BUT DIFFERENT ATOM CONNECTIVITY, ( i.e., DIFFERENT STRUCTURAL FORMULA ) CHEM 2370 CHAPTER 1 (Solomons, 9th ed.) 6 Dr. S. A. Dandekar SIGNIFICANCE? - THE FORMULA C4H10 IS NOT SUFFICIENT TO SPECIFICALLY DESCRIBE EITHER SUBSTANCE - ATOM CONNECTIVITY MUST BE SHOWN CLEARLY - EXAMINE STRUCTURES ON p 39 - CAN YOU SEE THAT THE THREE STRUCTURES DRAWN FOR PROPYL ALCOHOL ARE EQUIVALENT? ( EXAMINE ATOM CONNECTIVITY CAREFULLY ) SO ? THESE STRUCTURES DO NOT REPRESENT ISOMERS ! - DIFFERENT VIEWS OF THE SAME SUBSTANCE DO PROBLEMS: 1.11 p 40 1.21: c, d, h, j p 47 – 48 - REPRESENTATION OF STRUCTURAL FORMULAS - DASH FORMULAS - EACH BOND REPRESENTED BY A DASH CHEM 2370 CHAPTER 1 (Solomons, 9th ed.) 7 Dr. S. A. Dandekar - CONDENSED FORMULAS - CARBON SKELETON CONNECTIVITY SHOWN WITH DASHES (SOMETIMES DASHES OMITTED !) - OTHER ATOMS ATTACHED TO EACH CARBON ARE REPRESENTED WITH “ MOLECULAR FORMULA”-LIKE CONVENTION - SEE e.g. p 43 - GO THROUGH STUDY PROBLEM, p 41 DO PROBLEMS: 1.21, 1.24,1.25 p 47 – 48 - BOND LINE FORMULAS - “STICK” FIGURES - INTERSECTION OF 2 / MORE LINES & - END OF LINE EACH OF THE ABOVE REPRESENTS A CARBON - NUMBER OF HYDROGENS AT EACH CARBON CAN BE DETERMINED BASED ON CARBON’S VALENCE ( = 4 ) - ATOMS OTHER THAN HYDROGENS MUST BE SPECIFIED ( O, N, Cl, etc. )
