Cardio | PADP 6150 - Clinical Medicine, Quizzes of Health sciences

Download Cardio | PADP 6150 - Clinical Medicine and more Quizzes Health sciences in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 Frank-Starling Law DEFINITION 1 The Frank-Starling law of the heart states that the greater the volume of blood entering the heart during diastole (end- diastolic volume), the greater the volume of blood ejected during systolic contraction (stroke volume). As preload increases, the left ventricle distends, increasing stroke volume. TERM 2 Pre-load factors DEFINITION 2 Pre-load equals volume. Dependent on: Atrial contactility Ventricular compliance (distension) Central venous pressure (venous compliance, thoracic blood vol) Aortic pressure (b/c lower ej fraction?) Heart rate (faster hr = lower time time to fill ventricle) TERM 3 After-load DEFINITION 3 Afterload = pressure needed to eject blood An elevated afterload means elevated pressure TERM 4 Stroke volume DEFINITION 4 The volume pumped out of one ventricle in in a single beat Depends on: Preload Afterload Ventricular contractility TERM 5 3 factors affecting stroke volume DEFINITION 5 Preload Contractility Afterload If TERM 6 Diseases that elevate afterload DEFINITION 6 Aortic stenosis: Aortic insufficiency allows blood back in via a bad aortic valve. This leads to a widened pulse pressure due to elevated systole but decreased diastole. Pulse pressure is elevated Hypertension (systemic or pulmonary, unilateral effect) raises afterload because more effort is required to overcome the pressure. TERM 7 Decreases afterload DEFINITION 7 Mitral valve regurgitation. Easier to eject blood,but some of it is going the wrong way. TERM 8 Cardiac Output DEFINITION 8 With Peripheral resistance, genererates Arterial Pressure Cardiac output is derived by Stroke Volume x Heart Rate Stroke Volume is determined by preload, afterload, and contactility. A strong, contractile hear does not need to beat as fast for the same CO. TERM 9 Ejection Fraction DEFINITION 9 The fraction of blood in the ventricle during diastole that is expelled during contraction. Approx 67% +- 5% Most commonly determined by echocardiography More sensitive gauge of cardiac function than cardiac output and stroke volume (may be normal even when disease is present) TERM 10 3 major athersclerotic diseases DEFINITION 10 CHD: Coronary Heart Disease Stroke PAD: Peripheral Arterial Disease TERM 21 Murmur DEFINITION 21 An abnormal heart sound that can reflect a valve dysfunction. Rates on a six point scale, 1 is hard to hear even when auscultating, 6 can be heard w/o assistance TERM 22 S1 DEFINITION 22 Closure of the AV valves (tricuspid and mitral) at the start of ventricular systole. TERM 23 S2 DEFINITION 23 Closure of the semilunar valves, pulmonic, aortic At the start of ventricular diastole S2 may be heard as a split sound on inspiration A2 is usually first because aortic pressure exceeds pulmonic, and inspiration increases this. TERM 24 S3 DEFINITION 24 Not unusual, concerning in kids In adults, suggest volume overload in the ventricle Usually on the heels of S2 Is the sound of rapid ventricular filling during the early, passive phase of ventricular diastole. TERM 25 S4 DEFINITION 25 Signifies stiff ventricle in adults Heard as an S4 gallop S4-S1- S2 Occurs during the active atrial "kick" of late diastole. TERM 26 Auscultated clicks and murmurs DEFINITION 26 Usually indicate valvular disease TERM 27 CHF signs DEFINITION 27 Rales Pleural Effusion Wheezing and rhonci may be seen with left heart failure TERM 28 JVD DEFINITION 28 Jugular venous distension Neck vein distension, occurs with RV failure TERM 29 Exaggerated pulses DEFINITION 29 Indicates increased stroke volume May be due to aortic regurgitation Patent ductus arteriosus Coarctation of the aorta (congenital narrowing, Preductal, Ductal, or Postalductal to the ductus arteriosus/ligamentum arteriosum) TERM 30 Diminished peripheral pulses DEFINITION 30 Most commonly due to peripheral vascular disease May be accompanied by local bruits TERM 31 Edema DEFINITION 31 as a sign of CVD, usually seen in dependent areas May also be due to venous insufficiency Venous obstruction Medications Premenstrual hormone changes TERM 32 Four Fold Diagnosis: General DEFINITION 32 Systematically consider Etiology: Anatomic abnormality: Physiologic disturbance: Functional Classification: TERM 33 4Dx Cardiac DEFINITION 33 Etiology: congenital or acquired Anatomic abnormality: Which chamber, valve, etc affected. Prior MI? Physiologic disturbance: Arrythmia? Evidence of CHF Functional Classification TERM 34 Effect of stethoscope pressure on ausculatory sounds DEFINITION 34 Light pressure: gallops heard Firm pressure: gallops disappear