CBSE CLASS X CH 1 RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE CLASS WORK NOTES, Exercises of History

Download CBSE CLASS X CH 1 RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE CLASS WORK NOTES and more Exercises History in PDF only on Docsity! JAI GURU DEV MAHARISHI VIDYA MANDIR SR.SEC SCHOOL SOCIAL SCIENCE HISTORY Class: X Chapter -2 Federalism CLASS WORK NOTES. 1. What are the key features of Federalism? i. There are two or more levels (or tiers) of government. ii. Different types of government govern the same citizens but each tier has its own jurisdiction in specific matters of legislation, taxation and administration. iii. The jurisdictions of the respective levels of government are specified in the constitution. iv. The fundamental provisions of the constitution cannot be unilaterally changed by one level of government such changes require the consent of both the levels of government. v. Courts have the power to interpret the constitution and the powers different levels of government. vi. Sources of revenue for each level of government are clearly specified to ensure its financial autonomy. vii. The Federal system thus has dual objectives to safeguard and promote unity of the country. 2. What were the major steps that were taken by the Indian Government towards decentralization in 1992? A major step was taken towards decentralisation in 1992. The constitution was amended to make the third tier of democracy more powerful and effective. i. It is constitutionally mandatory to hold regular elections to local government bodies. ii. Seats are reserved in the elected bodies and the executive heads of these institutions for the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Classes. iii. At least one-third of all positions are reserved for women. iv. An independent institution called the State Election Commission has been created in each state to conduct panchayat and municipal elections. v. The State governments are required to share some powers and revenue with local government bodies. vi. The nature of sharing varies from state to state. 3. What makes India a Federal State? i. The Indian Union is based on the principles of federalism. ii. The constitution clearly provided a three-fold distribution legislative power between the Union Government and the State Government. iii. Thus, it contains three list- Union list, State List and concurrent list. iv. Union list includes subjects of national importance such as defense of the country, foreign affairs, banking, communication and currency. The Union government alone can make laws relating to the subjects mentioned in the Union List. v. State List contains subjects of state and local importance such as police, trade, commerce, agriculture and irrigation. vi. Concurrent list includes subjects of common interest to both the Union Government as well as the State Government, such as education, forest, trade unions, marriage, adoption etc., vii. Residuary List: Subjects that came up after the constitution was made fall in residuary list. The Union Government has the power to legislate on it. 4. Why were the linguistic states created? What are their advantages? i. Common Language: Many states were created on the basis of language to ensure that people who speak the same language lived in the same state. ii. Common culture, ethnicity or geography: Some states were created not on the basis of language but to recognize differences based on culture, ethnicity or geography. These include States like Nagaland, Uttarakhand and Jharkhand. Advantages: The experience has shown that the formation of linguistic States has actually made the country, more united. It has also made administration easier. 5. Explain Coming together federations and Holding together Federations. i. There are two kind of routes through which federations have been formed. ii. The first route involves independent States coming together on their own to form a bigger unit, so that by pooling sovereignty and retaining identity they can increase their security. iii. This type of ‘coming together federations’ include the USA, Switzerland and Australia.