Certified Crop Advisor Terms: 300+ Questions and Answers on Soil Management, Exams of Agricultural engineering

Download Certified Crop Advisor Terms: 300+ Questions and Answers on Soil Management and more Exams Agricultural engineering in PDF only on Docsity! Certified Crop Advisor Terms with 300+ questions and answers complete Acid Soil: A soil that has a pH value of less than 7.0. Aerobic: A condition identified by the presence of oxygen. Agronomic Nutrient Rate: Agronomic Amount of nutrients required by a crop for an expected yield, after all soil, water, plant, and air credits are considered. Alkaline Soil: A soil that has a pH value greater than 7.0. Ammonium (NH4+): Ammonium A form of nitrogen that is available to plants from fertilizer and organic matter decomposition. Ammonium Nitrate Solution: Water based solution of ammonium nitrate in water usually standardized to 20% nitrogen used for direct application or an ingredient in a multi-nutrient liquid fertilizer. Analysis is 20-0-0. Ammonium Phosphate: A group of phosphorus fertilizers manufactured by the reaction of anhydrous ammonia and super- phosphoric acid to produce either solid or liquid fertilizer. Ammonium Sulfate: A fertilizer with an analysis of 21-0-0 and 24% sulfur. Anaerobic: A condition identified by the absence of oxygen Anhydrous Ammonia (NH3): Nitrogen fertilizer made by compressing air and natural gas under high temperature in the presence of a catalyst. Analysis is 82-0-0. Animal Unit: 1000 pounds of live animal weight, a term used to determine volumes of animal manure produced. Anion: An ion that has a negative electrical charge. Common anions include sulfate, and nitrate. Anion Exchange Capacity: The sum total of exchangeable anions that a soil can adsorb. Expressed as centimoles of charge per kilogram (cmolc/kg) of soil or milliequivalents per 100 g of soil (meq/100 g of soil). Application Rate: The weight or volume of a fertilizer, soil amendment, or pesticide applied per unit area. Available Nutrient: The form of a nutrient that the plant is able to use. Many nutrients are in forms the plant cannot u and must be converted to forms available to the plant to be useful. Banded Nutrients: Placing fertilizer nutrients in a band near the seed at planting. Also may include a separate surface or subsurface band application of either solid or liquid materials before or after planting. Base Saturation Percentage: The proportion of the soil's cation exchange capacity occupied by basic cations. Bioremediation: The use of biological agents to reclaim soil and/or water polluted by substances hazardous to human health or the environment. Biosolid: Any organic material, such as livestock manure, compost, sewage sludge or yard wastes applied to the soil to add nutrients or for soil improvement. Buildup and Maintenance: Nutrients applied in order to build up a target soil test level and then maintained by annual addition of the quantity of nutrients expected to be removed in the harvested portion of the crop. Calcite Lime: Limestone consisting of CaCO3 based material with low magnesium levels. Fertilizer Suspension: A fluid fertilizer containing dissolved and un-dissolved plant nutrients. The un-dissolved nutrients are kept in suspension with an agent, usually by swelling type clays. Field Capacity: The amount of water soil holds after free water has drained due to gravity. Foliar Fertilizer: Application of a dilute solution of fertilizer to plant foliage, usually made to supplement soil-applied nutrients. Green Manure: Plant material incorporated into the soil while green or at maturity for soil improvement. Guaranteed Analysis: Minimal percentages of available nutrients as stated on a fertilizer label. Gypsum: Calcium sulfate (CaSO4 2H20) used either to supply said nutrients or to improve sodic soils. Immobile Nutrient: A plant nutrient that moves very slowly in the soil or in the plant. Immobilization: The conversion of an element from the inorganic to the organic form in microbial tissues resulting in that element not being readily available to other organisms or plants. Impermeable Layer: Soil layers, either natural or human-made, that resist penetration by fluids or roots. Injection: Mechanical placement of materials below the surface of the soil. Inorganic Nitrogen: Mineral forms of nitrogen. Inorganic Phosphorus: A salt of phosphoric acid or any of its anions, usually orthophosphate of polyphosphate. Leaching: The movement of material in solution along with movement of water through the soil Lime Fineness: The particle size of limestone determined by the fineness of grind. Finer grind results in faster acid neutralization. Lime Material: A material capable of neutralizing soil acidity Lime Purity: The measure of impurities in a given liming material to determine neutralizing value. Liming Requirement: The amount of liming material required to change the soil to a specific soil pH. Luxury Consumption: The absorption by plants of an essential nutrient in excess of their need for growth. Luxury in early growth may be used in later growth. Macronutrient: Nutrients that plants need in relatively large amounts. Essential macronutrients include Carbon (C), Oxygen (0), Hydrogen (H), Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), and Sulfur (S). Mass Flow: The movement of solutes associated with net movement in water. Micronutrient: Nutrients that plants need in relatively small or even trace amounts. Boron (B), Chlorine (CL), Cooper (Cu), Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), Molybdenum (Mo), Nickel (Ni), and Zinc (Zn) are considered micronutrients. Mineralization: The conversion of an element by soil organisms from an organic form to an inorganic form. Mobile Nutrient: A nutrient that moves readily in the soil or plant. Monoammonium Phosphate (MAP): A fertilizer composed of ammonium phosphates, resulting from the ammoniation of phosphoric acid. Typical analysis is 11-52-0. N-Based Nutrient Application: Application of the fertilizer is based on the nitrogen content and the amount of N desired, regardless of the amounts of the other nutrients being applied. Nitrate (NO3): An inorganic nitrogen form that is very soluble, easily leached through the soils, and readily available to plants. Nitrification: The process of converting ammonium to nitrate. Nitrogen: As essential plant nutrient that is part of many compounds including chlorophyll, enzymes, amino acids, and nucleic acids. Nutrient Build-Up: An increase in soil test levels of a nutrient due to the application of that nutrient. Nutrient Management Plan (NMP): A written plan that specifies the utilization of fertilizer, animal manure or other biosolids. Organic Nitrogen: Nitrogen that is bound with organic carbon and forms organic molecules. Organic Phosphorus: Phosphorus that is bound with organic carbon and forms organic molecules. Orthophosphate: Inorganic form of plant available phosphorus P-Based Nutrient Application: The rate of a phosphorus containing material so that the desired amount of phosphorus is applied based on the balancing of the agronomic rate or crop removal rate with the amount of phosphorus contained in the material Soil Structure: The combination or arrangement of primary soil particles into secondary soil particle units, or peds. Soil Test: A chemical, physical or biological procedure that estimates the plant availability of nutrients and soil quality characteristics to support plant growth. Soil Test Interpretation: Using soil test report information to manage soil fertility and monitor environmental conditions. Soil Test Level: The nutrient content of the soil, as measured by an analysis of a soil sample. Soil Test Recommendation: The suggested amount of nutrients to be added to the soil to achieve expected crop yields based on the supplying power of the soil, air and water. Soil Texture: The relative proportions of sand, silt, and clay in the soil. Starter Fertilizer: A fertilizer applied in relatively small amount with or near the seed at planting. Sufficiency Level: IN PLANTS, a nutrient concentration in the plant tissues above which the crop is amply supplied and below which the crop is deficient. IN SOILS, a soil test level above which economic responses to an applied fertilizer are unlikely to occur. Subsurface Band: To apply nutrients, pesticides or soil amendments in narrow bands below the surface of the soil. Surface Band: Applying nutrients, pesticides or soil amendments in narrow bands over the surface of the soil. Surface Broadcast: Applying nutrients, pesticides or soil amendments uniformly over the surface of the soil. Symbiotic N Fixation: Conversion of molecular nitrogen (N2) to ammonia and subsequently to organic nitrogen forms by organisms. Topdress: Applying fertilizer, pesticides or soil amendments on the surface, usually after the crop has emerged. Total Kjeldalh Nitrogen (TKN): A laboratory procedure to measure organic and ammonia nitrogen on soils and plants. Total Nitrogen: The sum of organic and inorganic forms of nitrogen in a sample. Toxicity Level: The quantity of a material in plants, soil or water that can harm or impair the physiological function of plants or soil. Triple Superphosphate: A product that has a guaranteed analysis of between 40 and 50% available phosphoric acid. The most common analysis is 0-46-0. Uptake Antagonism: When the excess of one nutrient interferes with the uptake of another nutrient. Often the nutrients involved have a similar mechanism of uptake. Urea: A nitrogen fertilizer that is white crystalline solid, very soluble in water, which has an analysis of 46-0-0. Urea Ammonium Nitrate (UAN): A liquid nitrogen fertilizer containing urea and ammonium nitrate in approximately equal proportions dissolved in water. The nitrogen content ranges from 28 to 32% with 28 % most common in regions having cold winter temperatures. Volatilization: The loss of a compound in gaseous form from a solid or liquid phase. A Horizon: Mineral soil horizon formed at or near the soil surface. It displays the greatest amount of leaching and is usually higher in organic matter and biological activity than the deeper horizons Acid Soil: A soil that has a pH value less than 7.0. Aggregate, Soil: A mass of fine particles held together by clay, organic matter or microbial gums. Aggregates are part of soil structure. Alkaline Soil: A soil that has a pH value greater than 7.0. Alluvium: A general term for all eroded material deposited by running water including gravel, sand, silt and clay. Anion: An ion with a negative charge. Anion Exchange Capacity (AEC): The sum total of exchangeable anions that a soil can adsorb. Expressed as centimoles of charge per kilogram (cmolc/kg) of soil or milliequivalents per 100 g of soil (meq/100 g of soil). Aquifer: Layers of underground porous or fractured rock, gravel or sand through which considerable quantities of groundwater can flow and which can supply water at a reasonable rate. May occur as perched, confined or unconfined. Available Nutrient: The form of a nutrient that the plant is able to use. B Horizon: The zone of accumulation of materials such as clay, iron, aluminum and organic matter moving from the above horizons. Bedrock: Solid or consolidated rock lying under the soil. Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD): The amount of oxygen required by aerobic microorganisms to decompose the organic matter in a sample of water and used as a measure of the degree of water pollution. Tillage that follows the contours of a slope rather than up and down a slope. Helps prevent erosion and runoff. Crust: A thin layer of poorly aggregated surface soil formed by wetting and drying. Deep Tillage: Tillage deeper than that needed to produce loose soil for a seedbed usually done to loosen compacted subsoil. Denitrification: The transformation of nitrate to gaseous forms of nitrogen, occurring under anaerobic conditions. Discharge: Flow of surface water in a stream or the flow of ground water from a pipe, spring, ditch or flowing artesian well. Drainage: Rate and amount of water removal from a soil by surface or subsurface flow. Ecosystem: Community of animals and plants and the physical environment in which they live. Effluent: Discharge or emission of a liquid or gas. Erosion: The movement of soil by water, wind or tillage. Eutrophication: Enrichment of water by nutrients, primarily nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) that results in excessive plant or algal growth. Decomposition of this plant/algal material can result in the depletion of oxygen in water leading to death of aquatic animals. Evapotranspiration (ET): Loss of water to the atmosphere from the earth's surface by evaporation and by transpiration through plants. Fallow: Soil left idle to accumulate water and/or mineral nutrients. Field Capacity: The amount of water a soil holds after free water has drained because of gravity. Flood Plain: Land near a stream that is commonly flooded when the water levels are high. Soil is built from sediments deposited during flooding. Fragipan: A dense and brittle subsurface layer of compacted soil. Friable: The ease by which a moist soil can be crumbled. Granular: Soil structure where the units are approximately spherical or polyhedral. Gravitational Water: Water that moves through the soil under the influence of gravity. Ground Water: Water in the saturated zone below the soil surface. Gully: A large channel in the soil caused by erosion that is deep and wide enough that it cannot be crossed by tillage equipment. Hardpan: A dense, hard or compacted layer in the soil that slows water percolation and movement of air and obstructs root growth. Pans may be caused by compaction, clay or chemical cementation Hazardous Waste: Solid, liquid or gaseous substances which, because of its source or measurable characteristics, is classified under state and federal laws as potentially dangerous and is subject to special handling, shipping and disposal requirements. Heavy Metals: Usually refers to lead, copper, zinc, mercury, arsenic, cadmium nickel and selenium Highly Erodible Land: A soil mapping unit with an erodible index of 8 or more. Horizon (Soil): A horizontal layer of soil created by soil forming processes that differs in physical or chemical from adjacent layers. Humus: Highly decomposed organic matter that is dark-colored and highly colloidal. Hydrologic Cycle: Movement of water in and on earth and atmosphere through processes such as precipitation, evaporation, runoff and infiltration. Hygroscopic Water: Water held tightly by adhesion to soil particles. It is unavailable for plants and remains in the soil after air-drying, but can be removed with oven drying. Infiltration: Water entry into the soil from precipitation, irrigation or runoff Irrigation: Application of water to supplement natural rainfall. Leaching: The movement in solution by drainage of water through the soil. Loading: Amount of a substance entering the environment (soil, water or air). Mapping Unit (Soil): Basis for setting boundaries in a soil map. May include one or more soil series. Mass Flow: The movement of solutes associated with net movement of water. Massive Soil: Preferential Flow: The rapid movement of water and its constituents through the soil via large and continuous pores. Prismatic (Columnar): Soil structure where the individual units are bounded by flat or slightly rounded vertical faces. Units are distinctly longer vertically and the faces are typically casts or molds of adjoining units. Vertices are angular or sub-rounded, the tops of the prisms are somewhat indistinct and normally flat. Recharge: Downward movement of water through soil to ground water. Recharge Area: Land area over which surface water infiltrates into soil and percolates downward to replenish an aquifer. Restrictive Layer: A nearly continuous layer that has one or more physical, chemical or thermal properties that significantly impede the movement of water and air through the soil or that restricts roots or otherwise provide an unfavorable root environment. Rill: A channel in the soil caused by runoff water erosion that is small enough to be erased by tillage. Riparian Zone: Land adjacent to a body of water that is at least periodically influenced by flooding. Runoff: Portion of precipitation, snowmelt or irrigation which moves by surface flow from an area. RUSLE II (Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation): An equation for predicting the annual soil loss in mass per unit area per year (A). The equation is A=RKLSCP where R is the rainfall factor, K is the soil erodibility factor, L is the length of slope, S is the percent slope, C is the cropping and management factor and P is the conservation practice factor. Saline Soil: A non-sodic soil containing sufficient soluble salt to adversely affect growth of most crops. Saltation: Movement of individual soil particles/small aggregates by wind, in which the particles are lifted as much as 12 inches above the soil surface, then travel a short distance before dropping back to the soil surface. From 50 to 80% of total soil transport of soil by wind is by saltation. Saturated Zone: Portion of the soil or rock profile in which all pores are filled with water Sediment: Eroded soil and rock and/or plant debris transported and deposited by wind or water. Single Grain: A structure-less soil in which each particle exists separately as in sand Sodic Soil: Soil high in sodium and low in soluble salts. Soil Loss Tolerance (T Value): Relative to CROPPING: the maximum average annual soil loss that will allow continuous cropping and maintain soil productivity without requiring additional management inputs. Relative to EROSION: the maximum soil erosion loss that is offset by the theoretical maximum rate of soil development maintains equilibrium between soil losses and gains. Soil Structure: The combination or arrangement of primary soil particles into secondary soil particle units or peds. Soil Survey: The examination, description and mapping of soils of an area according to the soil classification system. Soil Texture: The relative proportions of sand, silt and clay. Solubility: Amount of a substance that will dissolve in a given amount of another substance, typically water. Solute: A substance that is dissolved in another substance, thus forming a solution. Stomate: Opening in the surface of a leaf through which water vapor, carbon dioxide and oxygen pass Surface Creep: Movement of sand-sized particles/aggregates by wind in which the particles roll along the soil surface. Surface creep may account for 7-25% of total transport by wind. Suspension: Movement of the fine (<0.1 mm) soil particles by wind. The particles dislodged from the soil surface are small enough to remain in the air mass for an extended period of time. From 20 to 60% of an eroding soil may be carried in suspension. Tillage Erosion: The down-slope displacement of soil through the action of tillage operations. Tillage Pan: Also known as the plow pan, it is a subsurface layer of soil having a bulk density that is higher than the layer either above or below it. This compaction is caused by forces exerted during tillage operations. Tilth: Physical condition of the soil relative to how easily it can be tilled, how good the seedbed can be made, and how easily shoots and roots can penetrate. Volatilization: The loss of a compound in gaseous form. Water Holding Capacity: Similar to field capacity, the amount of water a soil holds after free water has drained because of gravity. Watershed: All land and water that drains runoff to a stream or other surfa water body Water Table: Upper surface of the ground water or layer of soil saturated with water. Wind Erosion Equation (WEQ): An equation for predicting the average annual soil loss from wind erosion in mass per unit area per year (E). The equation is E= f(IKCLV), where f indicates "a function of",I is the soil erodibility index, K is the soil roughness factor, C is the climate factor, L is the unsheltered distance and V is the vegetative factor. Fumigant: Gaseous phase of a pesticide used to destroy insects, pathogens, weed seeds or other pests in soil or grain bins. Fungi: Organisms that lack chlorophyll and vascular tissue and range in form from a single cell to a body mass of branched filamentous hyphae that often produce specialized fruiting bodies. Fungi cannot produce their own food. Genetic Resistance: Genetically based mechanisms within the host plants which hinder pest development. Growth Regulator: A substance when applied to plants in small amounts either inhibits, stimulates or otherwise modifies the growth process. Also may be defined as one of a class of herbicides that causes rapid growth distortions prior to plant death. Herbicide Carryover: Occurs when a herbicide does not break down during the season of application and persists in sufficient quantities to injure succeeding crops. Host: A living organism that serves as a food source and refuge for a parasite. Integrated Pest Management (IPM): A sustainable approach that combines the use of prevention, avoidance, monitoring and suppression strategies in a way that minimizes economic, health and environmental risks. LD50 or LC50: The lethal dose of a substance that kills 50% of the test organisms expressed as milligrams (mg) per kilogram (kg) of body weight. It is also the concentration expressed as parts per million (ppm) or parts per billion (ppb) in the environment (usually water) that kills 50% of the test organisms exposed. Mechanical Pest Control: A component of cultural pest control that uses physical methods to reduce a pest population or its impacts. Mechanical controls include cultivation, hoeing, hand weeding, mowing, pruning or vacuuming. Mode of Action: The method by which pesticides affect target organisms. Narrow-Spectrum Pesticide: Pesticides that act on a limited range of species. Non-Point Source (NPS) Pollution: Contamination derived from diffuse sources such as construction sites, agricultural fields and urban runoff. Parasite: An organism that lives on or in another living organism and obtains part or all of its nutrients from that other living organism. Parasitoid: An insect that feeds on and develops in another insect and causes death in the host insect. Parts Per Billion (ppb)/ Parts Per Million (ppm): A means of expressing concentration, one part of analyte per each billion/million parts of sample. Pathogen: Living agents that cause diseases in plants and animals. Pest: Organism that directly or indirectly causes damage to crops. Pest Density: The number of pests per unit area or plant structure. Pest Resistance: The inherited ability of an organism to survive and reproduce following exposure to a dose of pesticide normally lethal to the wild type. Persistence: Ability of a pesticide to resist degradation as measured by the period of time required for breakdown of material. Depends environmental conditions and chemical properties. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Clothing and protective devices required by the EPA to be worn by users of pesticide products. Phytotoxic: Injurious or toxic plants. Plant Disease Triangle: Diagrammatic representation of the three key factors contributing to plant diseases, 1) susceptible host, 2) pathogen presence and 3) proper environmental conditions. Plant Parasitic Nematodes: Microscopic, non-segmented roundworms that usually survive in soil and invade plant roots. Point Source Pollution: Contamination from a specified identifiable source. Postemergence (POE): Applied after emergence of the specified weed or planted crop. Preemergence (PE): Applied to the soil surface prior to the emergence of the specified weed or planted crop. Preplant Incorporated (PPI): Applied and tilled into the soil before seeding or transplanting. Race or Strain: Organisms of the same species and variety that differ in their ability to parasitize varieties of a given host, or that differ in reaction to a pesticide. Reduced-Risk Pesticides: These are pesticides that: 1) reduce pesticide risk to human health, 2) reduce pesticide risks to non- target organisms and 3) reduce the potential for contamination of valued environmental resources. Re-Entry Interval: A time period set by EPA that restricts individuals from entering a pesticide-treated area. Refugia: Areas, untreated with pesticides, provided to preserve susceptible populations of pests. Resistance, Pesticide: Annual, Winter: Plants whose seeds germinate in the fall, produce seed in the spring and die in the summer. Anther: The pollen-bearing male portion of a stamen. Anthesis: The time of flowering in a plant. Applied Information Technology: Using advanced information technology to make better decisions in crop, soil and environmental management systems. Biennial Plant: A flowering plant that takes 12-24 months to complete its life cycle. It grows vegetative the first year and reproduces the second year. Biomass: The mass of a specific plant or plant part in a given area, usually expressed as weight or volume per unit area. Boot Stage: A grass growth stage where an inflorescence is enclosed by the sheath of the uppermost leaf just prior to inflorescence emergence. Clean Till: Tillage where all plant residues are covered to prevent growth of all vegetation except that of the crop being produced. Companion Crop: A crop sown with another crop, especially one that will emerge and develop slowly. Also called a nurse crop. Competition: The simultaneous demand by two or more organisms for limited environmental resources. Continuous cropping: Growing a crop in a field every year. Cover Crop: A crop grown to protect the soil from erosion during periods when it would otherwise be bare, and/or scavenge excess nutrients from a previous crop to prevent nutrient loss. Crop Management Zone: A sub-region of a field that has a relatively uniform combination of yield-limiting factors where a single level of crop management is appropriate. Crop Residue: Plant material remaining in the field after harvest. Crop Rotation: The practice of growing different crops in a planned regular sequence on the same land. Cropping Pattern: The yearly sequence and spatial arrangement of crops, or crops and fallow, in a given area. Cultivar: A variety strain or race that has been originated and persisted under cultivation, or was specifically developed for crop production. Day Neutral Crop: A crop whose flowering is not influenced by day or night length. Desiccation: The removal of moisture from a material Determinate Plant: A plant that initiates flowering based on day length, with the change from vegetative to reproductive growth over a relatively short time. DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid, a relatively large molecule that contains genetic information. Each DNA molecule is composed of two complementary strands in the shape of a double helix. A gene is a piece of DNA. Double Cropping: The practice of consecutively producing two crops of either like or unlike commodities on the same land within the same year. Dough Stage: Stage of seed development at which the endosperm is pliable, like dough, defined as the time when 50% of the seed on an inflorescence have dough-like endosperm. Evapotranspiration: The loss of water from a given area by both evaporation from plant and soil surfaces, and transpiration from plants. Fallow Land: Land not being used to grow a crop but on which plant growth is controlled with tillage or herbicides. Used to store water, control weeds and/or increase available soil nutrients. Fibrous Root System: A plant root system having a large number of small, finely divided widely spreading roots but no large individual roots, common with grass species. Flag Leaf: The uppermost leaf on a fruiting grass stem immediately below the inflorescence. Flowering Stage: The physiological stage when anthesis occurs in a plant, or flowers are visible in non-grass plants. Gene: A portion of a chromosome (piece of DNA) that contains the hereditary information for the production of a protein. Genetic Engineering: The technique of removing, moving or adding genes to a DNA molecule. Also called gene splicing or recombinant DNA technology. Genetically Modified Organism (GMO/GM): See also transgenic plants. A living entity modified or transformed through recombinant DNA technology (genetic engineering). Geographic Coordinates: The system of latitude and longitude that defines the location of any point on the earth's surface. Geographic Information Systems (GIS): Plants pollinated by the wind, insects, birds or animals and not by human manipulation. Organic Farming: Crop production systems that do not use synthetic pesticides or fertilizers. Panicle: A grass inflorescence, the main axis of which is branched and whose branches bear loose flower clusters. Perennial Plant: Plants that have vegetative structures that allow them to live more than 2 years Photoperiodism: The growth and flowering response of plants in relation to changes in the length of daylight hours. Physiological Maturity: Plant growth stage representing the end of reproductive development where the maximum dry weight has accumulated. Pollination: The transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma of a flower. Precision: The ability of a measurement to be consistently reproduced. Precision Agriculture: Using the best technologies to identify and manage in-field soil and crop variability to improve production and economic return. Pure Live Seed: Percentage of pure germinating seed, calculated as pure seed percentage X germination percentage/100. Radicle: The first root of a plant that elongates during germination of a seed and forms the primary root. Randomization: A random arrangement of treatments or plots in order to obtain representative data for an experiment. Relay Cropping: A system in which one crop is planted into a standing crop prior to harvest of the established crop which does not hinder the yield of either crop. Recombinant DNA Technology: The technique of isolating DNA molecules and inserting them into the DNA of a cell. See also genetic engineering. Remote Sensing: The collection and analysis of data from a distance, often using sensors that respond to different heat intensities or light wavelengths. Replication: Repeating plots or treatments in an experiment in order to increase precision. Resistance, Pest: Genetic ability to avoid, repel or limit attack by a pest by genetic manipulation. Resistance, Pesticide: The inherited ability an organism survive and reproduce following exposure to a dose of pesticide normally lethal to the wild type. Rhizobium: Bacteria which fix atmospheric nitrogen in nodules on the roots of legume plants. RNA: Ribonucleic acid, a messenger molecule that contains instructions for protein synthesis. Self Pollinated: A plant pollinated by its own pollen. Short Day Crop: A crop in which flowering is initiated when the crop's critical night length is exceeded. Stigma: The female part of a flower where pollen is deposited. Taproot: The primary root of a plant formed in direct continuation with the root tip or radicle of the embryo. Forms a thick, tapering main root from which arise smaller lateral branches. Tilth: Physical condition of the soil relative to how easily it can be tilled, how good the seedbed can be made, and how easily shoots and roots can penetrate. Tolerance: The inherited ability of a species to survive and reproduce after pesticide treatment. Also refers to the ability of a crop to yield satisfactorily in presence of pests or adverse environmental conditions. Transgenic: See GMO. Plants or animals that contain DNA derived from a foreign plant or animal. Variable Rate Technology (VRT): The ability to vary the application of crop production inputs based on criteria for crop response or soil conditions. Allows for the targeted application of inputs at varying rates across a field. Variety: A taxonomic subdivision of selectively bred individuals that are distinct uniform and stable that are often referred to as a cultivar when registered for use. Vegetative: The non-reproductive stage of plants and/or the non-reproductive parts of plants. Vernalization: Exposure of germinating seeds or plants to low temperatures to induce flowering. Viability: A measure of the potential for seed to germinate, grow and develop normally under favorable conditions. Yield Map: The pattern of crop yield in a field based on data collected using a yield sensor on a harvester and geographic positioning of these yield values using a global position system. Wisconsin Coordinates 45 W 90 N