Ch 14 - Nervous system | CLAS 1030 - Medical Terminology, Quizzes of Medical Sciences

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TERM 1 afferent DEFINITION 1 carry or move inward or toward a central structure The term afferent refers to certain arteries, veins, lymphatic vessels, and nerves TERM 2 blood-brain barrier DEFINITION 2 protective mechanism that blocks specific substances found in the bloodstream from entering delicate brain tissue TERM 3 central nervous system (CNS) DEFINITION 3 network of nervous tissue found in the brain and spinal cord TERM 4 efferent DEFINITION 4 carry or move away from a central structure The term efferent refers to certain arteries, veins, lymphatic vessels, and nerves TERM 5 nerve fiber DEFINITION 5 projection of a neuron, especially the axon that transmits impulses TERM 6 neurilemma DEFINITION 6 additional sheath external to myelin that is formed by Schwann cells and found only on axons in the peripheral nervous system because neurilemma does not disintegrate after injury to the axon, its enclosed hollow tube provides an avenue for regeneration of injured axons TERM 7 ventricle DEFINITION 7 chamber or cavity of an organ that receives or holds a fluid TERM 8 brain DEFINITION 8 center for thought and emotion, interpretation of sensory stimuli, and coordination of body functions TERM 9 spinal cord DEFINITION 9 main pathway for transmission of information between the brain and body TERM 10 cranial nerves DEFINITION 10 includes 12 pairs of nerves that emerge from the base of the skull and may act in either a motor capacity, sensory capacity, or both TERM 21 partial seizures DEFINITION 21 only a portion of the brain is involved short alteration of consciousness of about 10 to 30 seconds with repetitive, unusual movements and confusion TERM 22 generalized seizure DEFINITION 22 entire brain is involved most common type - tonic-clonic seizure/grand mal seizure tonic phase - entire body becomes rigid clonic phase - uncontrolled jerking TERM 23 status epilepticus DEFINITION 23 tonic-clonic seizures follow one after another without an intervening period of recovery life-threatening emergency that involves the whole cortex and emergency medical attention TERM 24 Parkinson disease/ shaking palsy DEFINITION 24 progressive neurological disorder affecting the portion of the brain responsible for controlling movement as neurons degenerate, the patient develops uncontrollable nodding of the head, decreased speed of movement, tremors, large joint stiffness, and a shuffling gait dopamine is lacking in the brain management - administration of L-dopa (but only reduces symptoms) TERM 25 multiple sclerosis (MS) DEFINITION 25 progressive, degenerative disease of the central nervous system characterized by inflammation, hardening, and finally loss of myelin throughout the spinal cord and brain S&S - tremors, muscle weakness, bradykinesia, sometimes visual disturbances as myelin deteriorates, the transmission of electrical impulses from one neuron to another is impeded ultimately, most voluntary motor control is lost and the patient becomes bedridden TERM 26 alzheimer disease (AD) DEFINITION 26 progressive neurological disorder that causes memory loss and serious mental deterioration small lesions called plaques develop in the cerebral cortex and disrupt the passage of electrochemical signals between cells clinical manifestations - memory loss, cognitive decline, decline in social skills and ability to carry out abilities of daily living TERM 27 affective disorder DEFINITION 27 psychological disorder in which the major characteristic is an abnormal mood, usually mania or depression TERM 28 anorexia nervosa DEFINITION 28 eating disorder characterized by a refusal to maintain adequate weight for age and height, and an all-consuming desire to remain thin TERM 29 anxiety DEFINITION 29 psychological "worry" disorder characterized by excessive pondering or thinking "what if" Feelings of worry, dread, lack of energy, and a loss of interest in life are common signs associated with anxiety TERM 30 attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) DEFINITION 30 disorder affecting children and adults characterized by impulsiveness, overactivity, and the inability to remain focused on a task Behavioral modification, medical management, or a combination of both are commonly used in the treatment of ADHD TERM 31 bipolar disorder DEFINITION 31 mental disorder that causes unusual shifts in mood, emotion, energy, and ability to function; also called manic-depressive illness TERM 32 bulimia nervosa DEFINITION 32 eating disorder characterized by binging (overeating) and purging (vomiting or use of laxatives) TERM 33 depression DEFINITION 33 mood disorder associated with sadness, despair, discouragement, and commonly, feelings of low self-esteem, guilt, and withdrawal TERM 34 mania DEFINITION 34 mood disorder characterized by mental and physical hyperactivity, disorganized behavior and excessively elevated mood TERM 35 panic attack DEFINITION 35 sudden, intense overwhelming feeling of fear that comes without warning and is not attributable to any immediate danger A key symptom of a panic attack is the fear of its recurrence TERM 46 dyslexia DEFINITION 46 inability to learn and process written language despite adequate intelligence, sensory ability, and exposure TERM 47 Guillain-Barre syndrome DEFINITION 47 Autoimmune condition that causes acute inflammation of the peripheral nerves in which myelin sheaths of the axons are destroyed, resulting in decreased nerve impulses, loss of reflex response, and sudden muscle weakness This disease usually follows a viral gastrointestinal or respiratory infection, stress, or trauma. The muscle weakness involves the entire body and the patient may temporarily require respiratory support until the inflammation subsides TERM 48 herpes zoster DEFINITION 48 painful, acute infectious disease of the posterior root ganglia of only a few segments of the spinal or cranial nerves; also called shingles Herpes zoster is caused by the same organism (varicella- zoster) that causes chickenpox in children. The disease is self-limiting and usually resolves in 10 days to 5 weeks TERM 49 Huntington chorea DEFINITION 49 inherited disease of the CNS characterized by quick, involuntary movements, speech disturbances, and mental deterioration Onset of Huntington chorea is commonly between ages 30 and 50 TERM 50 hydrocephalus DEFINITION 50 accumulation of fluid in the ventricles of the brain, causing increased intracranial pressure (ICP), thinning of brain tissue, and separation of cranial bones TERM 51 lethargy DEFINITION 51 abnormal inactivity or lack of response to normal stimuli; also called sluggishness TERM 52 neurosis DEFINITION 52 nonpsychotic mental illness that triggers feelings of distress and anxiety and impairs normal behavior A child who has been consistently been warned of "germs" by an over protective parent may later develop an irrational fear of using public restrooms, for example, or touching doorknobs or phones TERM 53 palsy DEFINITION 53 paralysis, usually partial, and commonly characterized by weakness and shaking or uncontrolled tremor TERM 54 Bell palsy DEFINITION 54 facial paralysis caused by a functional disorder of the seventh cranial nerve, associated with herpes virus Bell palsy is self-limiting and usually spontaneously resolves in 3 to 5 weeks TERM 55 cerebral palsy DEFINITION 55 Type of paralysis that affects movement and body position and, sometimes, speech and learning ability Cerebral palsy (CP) commonly occurs as a result of trauma to the brain during the birthing process TERM 56 paralysis DEFINITION 56 loss of voluntary motion in one or more muscle groups with or without loss of sensation Strokes and spinal cord injuries are the common causes of paralysis. Strokes usually affect only one side of the body. Spinal cord injuries result in paralysis below the site of the injury TERM 57 hemiplegia DEFINITION 57 paralysis of one side of the body, typically as the result of a stroke; also called unilateral paralysis TERM 58 paraplegia DEFINITION 58 paralysis of both lower limbs, typically as a result of trauma or disease of the lower spinal cord TERM 59 quadriplegia DEFINITION 59 paralysis of both arms and legs, typically as a result of trauma or disease of the upper spinal cord TERM 60 psychosis DEFINITION 60 major emotional disorder in which contact with reality is lost to the point that the individual is incapable of meeting challenges of daily life TERM 71 tonic-clonic seizure DEFINITION 71 general type of seizure characterized by the loss of consciousness and stiffening of the body (tonic phase) followed by rhythmic, jerking movements (clonic phase) TERM 72 transient ischemic attack (TIA) DEFINITION 72 temporary interference with blood supply to the brain lasting from a few minutes to a few hours Symptoms of TIA may include numbness or weakness in the extremities, especially on one side of the body; confusion or difficulty in talking or understanding speech; visual impairment; dizziness; loss of balance; and difficulty walking TERM 73 electroencephalography (EEG) DEFINITION 73 recording of electrical activity in the brain, whose cells emit distinct patterns of rhythmic electrical impulses different wave patterns in the EEG are associated with normal and abnormal waking and sleeping states. They help diagnose such conditions as tumors, infections, and seizure disorders TERM 74 electromyography (EMG) DEFINITION 74 recording of electrical signals (action potentials) that occur in a muscle when it is at rest and during contraction to assess nerve damage In the EMG, an electrode inserted into a muscle records impulses and displays them on a monitor called an oscilloscope TERM 75 lumbar puncture DEFINITION 75 needle puncture of the spinal cavity to extract spinal fluid for diagnostic purposes, introduce anesthetic agents into the spinal canal, or remove fluid to allow other fluids (such as radiopaque substances) to be injected; also called spinal puncture and spinal tap TERM 76 nerve conduction velocity (NCV) DEFINITION 76 test that measures the speed at which impulses travel through a nerve In NCV, one electrode stimulates a nerve while other electrodes, placed over different areas of the nerve record an electrical signal (action potential) as it travels through the nerve. This test is used for diagnosing muscular dystrophy and neurological disorders that destroy myelin TERM 77 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis DEFINITION 77 series of chemical, microscopic, and microbial tests used to diagnose disorders of the central nervous system, including viral and bacterial infections, tumors, and hemorrhage TERM 78 angiography DEFINITION 78 radiography of the blood vessels after introduction of a contrast medium Angiography is used to visualize vascular abnormalities. The contrast medium may be injected into an artery or vein or administered through a catheter inserted in a peripheral artery, runs through the vessel, and positioned at a visceral site TERM 79 cerebral angiography DEFINITION 79 angiography of blood vessels of the brain after injection of a contrast medium; also called cerebral angiography Vascular tumors, aneurysms, and occlusions are identified using cerebral angiography, which is usually performed when intracranial procedures are being considered TERM 80 computed tomography (CT) DEFINITION 80 imaging technique achieved by rotating an x-ray emitter around the area to be scanned and measuring the intensity of transmitted rays from different angles CT of the brain can be performed with or without contrast media. It is effective in visualizing tumors, abscesses, hemorrhage, trauma and fractures TERM 81 myelography DEFINITION 81 diagnostic radiological examination of the spinal canal, nerve roots, and spinal cord after injection of contrast medium into the spinal canal myelography is usually performed in conjunction with CT and when an MRI is not possible because the patient has a pacemaker or other implantable device TERM 82 positron emission tomography (PET) DEFINITION 82 scan using computed tomography to record the positrons (positively charged particles) emitted from a radiophmaceutical and produce a cross-sectional image of metabolic activity in body tissues to determine the presence of disease PET is especially useful in scanning the brain and nervous system to diagnose disorders that involve abnormal tissue metabolism, such as schizophrenia, brain tumors, epilepsy, stroke, and Alzheimer disease TERM 83 ultrasonography (US) DEFINITION 83 imaging procedure using high-frequency sound waves (ultrasound) that display the reflected "echoes" on a monitor; also called ultrasound, sonography, echo, and echogram TERM 84 echoencephalography DEFINITION 84 ultrasound technique used to study intracranial structures of the brain and, especially, diagnose conditions that cause a shift in the midline structures of the brain TERM 85 cryosurgery DEFINITION 85 technique that exposes abnormal tissue to extreme cold to destroy it cryosurgery is sometimes used to destroy malignant tumors of the brain