Ch 15 - Special Senses | CLAS 1030 - Medical Terminology, Quizzes of Medical Sciences

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TERM 1 accommodation DEFINITION 1 adjustment of the eye for various distances so that images fall on the retina of the eye TERM 2 acuity DEFINITION 2 clearness or sharpness of a sensory function TERM 3 adnexa DEFINITION 3 tissues or structures in the body adjacent to or near a related structure The adnexa of the eye include the extraocular muscles, orbits, eyelids, conjunctiva, and lacrimal apparatus TERM 4 articulating DEFINITION 4 being loosely joined or connected together to allow motion between the parts TERM 5 humor DEFINITION 5 any fluid or semifluid of the body TERM 6 labyrinth DEFINITION 6 series of intricate communicating passages The labyrinth of the ear includes the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibule TERM 7 opaque DEFINITION 7 substance that does not allow the passage of light; not transparent TERM 8 perilymph DEFINITION 8 fluid that very closely resembles spinal fluid but found in the cochlea TERM 9 photopigment DEFINITION 9 light-sensitive pigment in the retinal cones and rods that absorbs light and initiates the visual process; also called visual pigment TERM 10 refractive DEFINITION 10 ability to bend light rays as they pass from one medium to another TERM 21 convergence DEFINITION 21 medial movement of the two eyeballs so that they are both directed at the object being viewed TERM 22 diopter (D) DEFINITION 22 measurement of refractive error When the D value is negative, it signifies an eye with myopia. When the D value is positive, it signifies an eye with hyperopia. TERM 23 ectropion DEFINITION 23 eversion, or outward turning, of the edge of the lower eyelid TERM 24 emmetropia (Em) DEFINITION 24 state of normal vision in emmetropia, when the eye is at rest, the image is focused directly on the retina TERM 25 entropion DEFINITION 25 inversion or inward turning of the edge of the lower eyelid TERM 26 epiphora DEFINITION 26 abnormal overflow of tears Epiphora is sometimes caused by obstruction of the tear ducts TERM 27 exophthalmos DEFINITION 27 protrusion of one or both eyeballs common causes of exophthalmos include hyperactive thyroid, trauma, and tumor TERM 28 hordeolum DEFINITION 28 localized, circumscribed, inflammatory swelling of one of the several sebaceous glands of the eyelid, generally caused by a bacterial infection; also called stye TERM 29 metamorphopsia DEFINITION 29 visual distortion of objects metamorphopsia is commonly associated with errors of refraction, retinal disease, choroiditis, detachment of the retina, and tumors of the retina or choroid TERM 30 nyctalopia DEFINITION 30 Impaired vision in dim light; also called night blindness common causes of myctalopia include cataracts, vitamin A deficiency, certain medications, and hereditary causes TERM 31 nystagmus DEFINITION 31 involuntary eye movements that appear jerky and may reduce vision or be associated with other, more serious condition with limit vision TERM 32 papilledema DEFINITION 32 edema and hyperemia of the optic disc is usually associated with increased intracranial pressure; also called choked disc TERM 33 photophobia DEFINITION 33 unusual intolerance and sensitivity to light photophobia commonly occurs in such diseases as meningitis, inflammation of the eyes, measles, and rubella TERM 34 presbyopia DEFINITION 34 loss of accommodation of the crystalline lens associated with the aging process During the aging process, proteins in the lens become harder and less elastic and muscle fibers surrounding the lens lose strength. These changes cause a decreased ability to focus, especially at close range TERM 35 retinopathy DEFINITION 35 any disorder of retinal blood vessels TERM 46 pressure-equalizing (PE) tubes DEFINITION 46 tubes that are inserted through the tympanic membrane, commonly to treat chronic otitis media; also called tympanostomy tubes or ventilation tubes PE tubes remain the ear several months, and then fall out on their own or are removed surgically TERM 47 tinnitus DEFINITION 47 perception of ringing, hissing, or other sounds in the ears or head when no external sound is present Tinnitus may be caused by a blow to the head, ingestion of large doses of aspirin, anemia, noise exposure, stress, impacted wax, hypertension, and certain types of medications and tumors TERM 48 vertigo DEFINITION 48 hallucination of movement, or a feeling of spinning or dizziness vertigo may be caused by a variety of disorders, including Meniere disease and labyrinthitis TERM 49 audiometry DEFINITION 49 measurement of hearing acuity at various sound wave frequencies In audiometry, pure tones of controlled intensity are delivered through earphones to one ear at a time while the patient indicates if the tone was heard. The minimum intensity (volume) required to hear each tone is graphed. TERM 50 caloric stimulation test DEFINITION 50 test that uses different water temperatures to assess the vestibular portion of the nerve of the inner ear (acoustic nerve) to determine if nerve damage is the cause of vertigo In the caloric stimulation test, cold and warm water are separately introduced into each ear while electrodes placed around the eye record nystagmus. Eyes move in a predictable pattern when the water is introduced, except with acoustic nerve damage TERM 51 electronystagmography (ENG) DEFINITION 51 method of assessing and recording eye movements by measuring the electrical activity of the extraocular muscles In ENG, electrodes are placed above, below, and to the side of each eye. A ground electrode is placed on the forehead. The electrodes record eye movement relative to the position of the ground electrode. TERM 52 ophthalmodynamometry DEFINITION 52 measurement of the blood pressure of the retinal vessels Ophthalmodynamometry is a screening test used to determine reduction of blood flow in the carotid artery TERM 53 tonometry DEFINITION 53 evaluation of intraocular pressure by measuring the resistance of the eyeball to indentation by an applied force Tonometry is used to detect glaucoma. Several kinds of tonometers can be used. The applanation method of tonometry uses a sensor to depress the cornea and is considered the most accurate method of tonometry. TERM 54 visual acuity (VA) test DEFINITION 54 part of an eye examination that determines the smallest letters that can be read on a standardized chart at a distance of 20 feet Visual acuity (VA) is expressed as a fraction. The top number refers to the distance from the chart and the bottom number indicates the distance at which a person with normal eyesight could read the same line. For example, 20/40 indicates that the patient correctly read letters at 20 feet that could be read by a person with normal vision at 40 feet TERM 55 gonioscopy DEFINITION 55 examination of the angle of the anterior chamber of the eye to determine ocular motility and rotation and diagnose and manage glaucoma TERM 56 opthalmoscopy DEFINITION 56 visual examination of the interior of the eye using a hand- held instrument called an ophthalmoscope, which has various adjustable lenses for magnification and a light source to illuminate the interior of the eye Ophthalmoscopy is used to detect eye disorders as well as other disorders that cause changes in the eye TERM 57 otoscopy DEFINITION 57 visual examination of the external auditory canal and the tympanic membrane using an otoscope TERM 58 pneumatic otoscopy DEFINITION 58 Procedure that assesses the ability of the tympanic membrane to move in response to a change in air pressure In pneumatic otoscopy, a tight seal is created in the ear canal and then a very slight positive pressure and then a negative pressure is applied by squeezing and releasing a rubber bulb attached to the pneumatic otoscope. The fluctuation in air pressure causes movement of a normal tympanic membrane. TERM 59 retinoscopy DEFINITION 59 evaluation of refractive errors of the eye by projecting a light into the eyes and determining the movement of reflected light rays Retinoscopy is especially important in determining errors of refraction in babies and small children who cannot be refracted by traditional methods TERM 60 dacryocystography DEFINITION 60 Radiographic imaging procedures of the nasolacrimal (tear) glands and ducts Dacryocystography is performed for excessive tearing (epiphora) to determine the cause of hypersecretion of the lacrimal gland or obstruction in the lacrimal passages TERM 71 sclerostomy DEFINITION 71 surgical formation of an opening in the sclera Sclerostomy is commonly performed in conjunction with surgery for glaucoma TERM 72 tuning fork test DEFINITION 72 method use to evaluate sound conduction using a vibrating tuning fork TERM 73 Rinne tuning fork test DEFINITION 73 Tuning fork test that evaluates bone conduction (BC) versus air conduction (AC) of sound In the Rinne test, the base of a vibrating fork is placed against the mastoid bone (bone conduction) and in front of the auditory meatus (air conduction). If the sound is louder when the tuning fork is next to the ear, hearing in that ear is normal. If the sound is louder when the tuning fork touches the mastoid process, it is an indication of conductive hearing loss TERM 74 Weber tuning fork test DEFINITION 74 Tuning fork test that evaluates bone conduction of sound in both ears at the same time In the Weber test, the vibrating tuning fork is placed on the center of the forehead. If sound perception is equal in both ears, hearing is normal TERM 75 tympanoplasty DEFINITION 75 reconstruction of the eardrum, commonly due to perforation; also called myringoplasty TERM 76 eye antibiotics, ophthamic DEFINITION 76 inhibit growth of microorganisms that infect the eye Ophthalmic antibiotics are dispensed as topical ointments and solutions to treat various bacterial eye infections such as conjunctivitis (pinkeye) erythromycin base TERM 77 antiglaucoma agents DEFINITION 77 decrease aqueous humor production by constricting the pupil to open the angle between the iris and cornea timolol - Betimol acetazolamide - Diamox TERM 78 mydriatics DEFINITION 78 drugs that disrupt the parasympathetic nerve supply to the eye or stimulate the sympathetic nervous system, causing the pupil to dilate Mydriatics are commonly used to dilate the pupil to treat inflammatory conditions or in preparation for internal examinations of the eye atropine sulfate TERM 79 ophthalmic decongestants DEFINITION 79 constrict the small arterioles of the eye, decreasing redness and relieving conjunctival congestion Ophthalmic decongestants are over-the counter products that temporarily relieve the itching and minor irritation commonly associated with allergy tetrahydrozoline - Murine, Visine TERM 80 ear antiemetics DEFINITION 80 treat and prevent nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and vertigo by reducing the sensitivity of the inner ear to motion or inhibiting stimuli from reaching the part of the brain that triggers nausea and vomiting Antiemetics are commonly used to treat vertigo meclizine - Antrizine, Bonine, Meni-D TERM 81 oric analgesics DEFINITION 81 provide temporary relief from pain and inflammation associated with otic disorders Otic analgesics may be prescribed for otitis media, otitis externa, and swimmer's ear. Some otic analgesics are also wax emulsifiers antipyrine and benzocaine - Allergan Ear drops, A/B otic TERM 82 wax emulsifiers DEFINITION 82 loosen and help remove impacted cerumen (ear wax) Excessive wax may be washed out, vacuumed out, or removed using special instruments carbamide peroxide - Debrox drops, Murine ear drops