Plant Anatomy: A Comprehensive Guide to Buds, Leaves, Flowers, Fruits, Stems, and Roots, Quizzes of Biology

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TERM 1 Organization of Plant Bodies DEFINITION 1 - Root System-Shoot System TERM 2 Root Functions DEFINITION 2 - Anchor the plant in the ground-Absorb water and minerals (plant nutrients) from the soil-Store surplus food, principally carbohydrates, that were manufactured in the shoot during photosynthesis-Transport water, minerals, sugars, and hormones to and from the shoot TERM 3 Shoot System Parts (Flowering Plants) DEFINITION 3 -Buds-Leaves-Flowers-Fruits-Stems-Some parts specialized to transport water, minerals, and food molecules TERM 4 Buds DEFINITION 4 -Give rise to leaves or flowers-Part of Shoot System TERM 5 Leaves DEFINITION 5 -Principal sites of photosynthesis in plants-Part of Shoot System- Their green color arises from light-absorbing chlorophyll molecules-The shapes and structures of leaves has evolved to obtain essentials for photosynthesis: sunlight, carbon dioxide (C02), and water- Water absorbed by roots, transported to leaves in the xylem- Large, mostly waterproof surface with adjustable pores that can open and close to admit C02 or restrict water evaporation TERM 6 Flowers DEFINITION 6 -Produce seeds enclosed within fruits TERM 7 Fruits DEFINITION 7 -Protect seeds during their development and aid in seed dispersal TERM 8 Flowering Plant Groups DEFINITION 8 -Monocots-Dicots TERM 9 Monocots DEFINITION 9 -Include lilies, daffodils, tulips, palm trees, and a wide variety of grasses - including wheat, rice, corn, oats, and bambooCharacteristics:- Flower parts are in threes or multiples of three- Leaves have smooth edges, often narrow, with parallel veins- Vascular bundles are scattered throughout the stem- Monocots have a fibrous root system- Only has single cotyledon TERM 10 Dicots DEFINITION 10 - Include virtually all "broad-leafed" plants, including deciduous trees and bushes, most vegetables, and many flowers in fields and gardensCharacteristics:-Flower parts are in fours or fives or multiples of four or five- Leaves are palmate (handlike) or oval with net-like veins- Vascular bundles are arranged in a ring around the stem- Dicots have a taproot system- Have two cotyledons TERM 21 Ground Tissue System DEFINITION 21 - Comprises most of the young plant body- Consists of all of the tissue of the plant body except dermal and vascular tissues TERM 22 Vascular Tissue System DEFINITION 22 - Transports water and nutrients- Consists of two conducting tissues: Xylem and Phloem TERM 23 Xylem DEFINITION 23 - Transports water and dissolved minerals only in one direction: from the roots up to all parts of the shoot system- In angiosperms, xylem contains two specialized conducting cell types: tracheids and vessel elements- Both tracheids and vessel elements develop thick cell walls and then die as their final step of differentiation leaving behind hollow tubes of nonliving cells wall TERM 24 Phloem DEFINITION 24 - Transports sugars and other organic molecules up and down the plant body-Phloem transports a solution containing a variety of organic molecules - including sugars, amino acids, and hormones-Consists of mainly two cell types: Sieve-tube elementsand Companion Cells TERM 25 Sieve-Tube Elements DEFINITION 25 - joined end to end to form pipes called sieve tubes- The junction between two sieve-tube elements is called a sieve plate- Life support of sieve-tube elements is provided by smaller, adjacent companion cells TERM 26 Leaves DEFINITION 26 - Major photosynthetic structures of most plants- Their green color arises from light-absorbing chlorophyll molecules-The shapes and structures of leaves has evolved to obtain essentials for photosynthesis: sunlight, carbon dioxide (C02), and water TERM 27 Leaf Epidermis DEFINITION 27 - Consists of a layer of transparent cells that secrete a waxy cuticle on their outer surfaces- The stomata (singular, stoma), regulate the diffusion of C02, 02, and water vapor into and out of the leaf- A stoma is surrounded by two sausage-shaped guard cells that enclose and adjust the size of the stoma between them TERM 28 Mosphyll Cells (Leaf) DEFINITION 28 - Where photosynthesis occurs- Consists of loosely packed cells containing chloroplasts- Air spaces between mesophyll cells allow C02 from the atmosphere to diffuse to each cell and 02 produced during photosynthesis to diffuse away- Many leaves posses two types of mesophyll cells - an upper layer of columnar palisade cells and a lower layer of irregularly shaped spongy cells TERM 29 Vascular Bundles (in leaves, also called veins) DEFINITION 29 - Containing xylem and phloem conduct materials between the leaf and the rest of the plant body- Xylem delivers water and minerals to the mesophyll cells of the leaf, and phloem carries away the sugar they produce during photosynthesis TERM 30 Stems DEFINITION 30 - part of the shoot system that support and separate the leaves, lifting them into the sunlight and air- transport water and dissolved minerals and sugars- in most dicots, stems undergo primary growth during their first year and at the tips of their branches throughout life- in perennial dicots, older stems and branches undergo secondary growth TERM 31 Organization of Stem DEFINITION 31 - Internal structures of the stem grouped into four tissues: epidermis, cortex, pith, and vascular tissues TERM 32 Cortex (Stem) DEFINITION 32 - lies between the epidermis and the vascular tissues TERM 33 Pith (Stem) DEFINITION 33 - fills the central part of the stem, surrounded by the vascular tissues TERM 34 Vascular Tissues (Stem) DEFINITION 34 - Most young dicot stems contain bundles of vascular tissue produced by primary growth from the apical meristem-Each bundle can be thought of as a rod of vascular tissue, often triangular in cross-section, extending the full height of the stem- a dozen or more bundles are arranged in a ring within the system TERM 35 Vascular Bundles DEFINITION 35 - Xylem carries water and dissolved nutrients up through the stem, supplying both stem and leaf cells- Phloem carries sugar from photosynthetic cells to the roots, and to the pith and inner cortex- Between primary Xylem and Primary Phloem lies a thin strip of lateral meristem cells called the vascular cambium-Secondary growth in stems results from cell division in the lateral meristems of the vascular cambium and cork cambium TERM 46 Casparian Strip DEFINITION 46 - fatty, waterproof material in the cell wall of each endodermal cell- blocks water and minerals from traveling between endodermal cells TERM 47 Vascular Cylinder DEFINITION 47 - contains conducting tissues and forms branch roots- contains the conducting tissues of xylem and phloem TERM 48 Pericycle DEFINITION 48 - outermost layer of the vascular cylinder, located just inside the endodermis of the cortex and outside the xylem and phloem- the source of branching in roots- under the influence of plant hormones, pericycle cells start dividing, forming a branch root TERM 49 Macronutrients DEFINITION 49 - required in large quantities: collectively, these make up more than 99% of the dry weight of the plant body- Carbon dioxide in the air, oxygen from the air or dissolved in water, and hydrogen from water: make up more than 95% of the mass of most plants TERM 50 Micronutrients DEFINITION 50 - needed only in trace amounts TERM 51 Root Pressure DEFINITION 51 - created by osmotic entry of water- water entering the vascular cylinder actually pushes the solution of minerals up the root into the shoot- sometimes, root pressure is visible as droplets of water forced out of the tips of leaves TERM 52 Transpiration DEFINITION 52 - evaporation of water from leaves, drives the movement of water upward through the plant body TERM 53 Cohesion-tension theory DEFINITION 53 - water is pulled up the xylem by transpiration from the leaves TERM 54 Cohesion DEFINITION 54 - the attraction among water molecules holds water together, forming a chain-like column within the xylem tubes TERM 55 Tension DEFINITION 55 - the chain of water is pulled up the xylem by the tension produced by water evaporating from the leaves